To understand why Edward the Prince of Wales (1894-1972) turned towards Fascism before WW2 and turned away his parents’ moral values, I will be citing the writing of Dr Heather Jones. Her journal article “Edward in the trenches” lays the blame firmly on his terrible war experiences.
So let us first canvas WW1. When Britain found itself under threat during WW1, Edward (20) had become the Prince of Wales three years earlier. Edward could easily have stayed at home in safety and inspected military training camps but he was desperate to serve on the Western Front. The Secretary of State for War naturally forbade the first in-line-to-the-throne to die in the trenches so Edward took a commission in the Grenadier Guards and accepted a junior officer role in France, far behind the front lines.
As soon as he could, Edward wanted a compromise. Although not directly involved in fighting, he was assigned to staff work on logistics. Thus Edward could go on frequent morale-boosting visits to the trenches, visit advanced positions, see the dead bodies lying unburied in the fields and smell the shell fire. The visits made him very popular with the men.
In contrast, his younger brother Prince Albert (1895-1952) would not ever become king under normal circumstances, so there was a less rigid approach to him serving in war. Everyone believed that Britain controlled the seas and the nation’s naval supremacy could not be challenged by Germany, so Albert, who was still in his teens, served in the Royal Navy as a midshipman.
However Germany embarked on a campaign of battleship building and by 1916 was ready to take on the British fleet which was blockading the North Sea. In May the Battle of Jutland was waged, becoming WW1’s biggest sea engagement. It was a catastrophe for both sides, including for the young prince in a gun turret, watching the ships being destroyed by torpedoes around him.
Thus both princes, who had lived in the lap of luxury back in their palaces, faced horror at war. Perhaps Edward seemed a little jealous of his younger brother who participated in direct action. But there was no questioning the bravery of both princes.
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Edward the Prince of Wales in army uniform, and his brother in navy uniform, 1915.
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Dr Jones showed that the war had a fundamental impact on Edward’s political views. It left him with an abhorrence for Communism and anger that the Bolsheviks had killed his Russian cousins, Tsar Nicholas II and his family. [So why did Edward not blame his father King George V, for banning the Russian royals’ entry into Britain when the Tsar was desperate for a safe haven in 1917?]
Edward fervently believed future European war had to be avoided, supporting the British Legion in interwar efforts at reconciliation with German ex-servicemen, even after Hitler came to power.
For King George V, individual personality had to be completely subordinated to the dignity of the office of king. But Prince Edward believed a king had to be a strong leader who embraced a cult of personality. He admired Fascist leadership because he believed appeasement with Fascism offered European peace. In particular Fascism seemed a modern answer to the Communist threat, for example by improving the lives of Germany’s poor.
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So let us first canvas WW1. When Britain found itself under threat during WW1, Edward (20) had become the Prince of Wales three years earlier. Edward could easily have stayed at home in safety and inspected military training camps but he was desperate to serve on the Western Front. The Secretary of State for War naturally forbade the first in-line-to-the-throne to die in the trenches so Edward took a commission in the Grenadier Guards and accepted a junior officer role in France, far behind the front lines.
As soon as he could, Edward wanted a compromise. Although not directly involved in fighting, he was assigned to staff work on logistics. Thus Edward could go on frequent morale-boosting visits to the trenches, visit advanced positions, see the dead bodies lying unburied in the fields and smell the shell fire. The visits made him very popular with the men.
In contrast, his younger brother Prince Albert (1895-1952) would not ever become king under normal circumstances, so there was a less rigid approach to him serving in war. Everyone believed that Britain controlled the seas and the nation’s naval supremacy could not be challenged by Germany, so Albert, who was still in his teens, served in the Royal Navy as a midshipman.
However Germany embarked on a campaign of battleship building and by 1916 was ready to take on the British fleet which was blockading the North Sea. In May the Battle of Jutland was waged, becoming WW1’s biggest sea engagement. It was a catastrophe for both sides, including for the young prince in a gun turret, watching the ships being destroyed by torpedoes around him.
Thus both princes, who had lived in the lap of luxury back in their palaces, faced horror at war. Perhaps Edward seemed a little jealous of his younger brother who participated in direct action. But there was no questioning the bravery of both princes.
Photo credit: Express
During WW1, Edward had his first, hidden sexual experiences in Amiens, and then in Paris. But post war, living a vigorous social life was essential for any ex-serviceman, to regain his sanity. People were tolerant. In London Edward courted Lady Sybil Cadogan, his sister’s best friend, and wanted marriage in 1917. His next affair was with Lady Rosemary Leveson-Gower, a society beauty who the prince wanted to marry in 1918. However she married William Ward, 3rd Earl Dudley, in March 1919. Then Edward chose married women: Marian Coke, his much adored lover Freda Dudley Ward divorced wife of an MP who was vice chamberlain of the Royal House-hold and the American heiress Audrey James. Best of all was Lady Thelma Furness, daughter of an American diplomat who eloped at 16, divorced and then married the shipping magnate Viscount Furness. Thelma joined the Prince in Kenya in 1928 where the two fell in love.
During WW1, Edward had his first, hidden sexual experiences in Amiens, and then in Paris. But post war, living a vigorous social life was essential for any ex-serviceman, to regain his sanity. People were tolerant. In London Edward courted Lady Sybil Cadogan, his sister’s best friend, and wanted marriage in 1917. His next affair was with Lady Rosemary Leveson-Gower, a society beauty who the prince wanted to marry in 1918. However she married William Ward, 3rd Earl Dudley, in March 1919. Then Edward chose married women: Marian Coke, his much adored lover Freda Dudley Ward divorced wife of an MP who was vice chamberlain of the Royal House-hold and the American heiress Audrey James. Best of all was Lady Thelma Furness, daughter of an American diplomat who eloped at 16, divorced and then married the shipping magnate Viscount Furness. Thelma joined the Prince in Kenya in 1928 where the two fell in love.
He enjoyed a hectic social life, travelling the world (Canada, USA, the Caribbean, India, Australia, New Zealand etc) formally representing his father the king, and making many private visits to Germany throughout the 1920s and 1930s.
King George V and Tsar Nicolas II, 1913
first cousins and close friends, sharing a family wedding in Berlin
first cousins and close friends, sharing a family wedding in Berlin
Photo credit: Rare Historical Photos 2018
Edward fervently believed future European war had to be avoided, supporting the British Legion in interwar efforts at reconciliation with German ex-servicemen, even after Hitler came to power.
For King George V, individual personality had to be completely subordinated to the dignity of the office of king. But Prince Edward believed a king had to be a strong leader who embraced a cult of personality. He admired Fascist leadership because he believed appeasement with Fascism offered European peace. In particular Fascism seemed a modern answer to the Communist threat, for example by improving the lives of Germany’s poor.
King Edward VIII on an unofficial tour to Germany
giving a Hitler salute in 1937
Photo credit: Daily Mail
A weak personality himself, Edward was most vulnerable to the myths Fascism propagated – anti-Semitism, a need for new radical politics of the right and a strongman leader. Perhaps this was appealing because the war had left Edward deeply insecure about his own masculinity. By abandoning crown and nation in a passion for the last of many women he had loved, Edward could finally publicly prove his manliness.
I will add one more critical factor that Dr Jones did not mention. Edward VIII’s mother Queen Mary was almost entirely German and his father King George V was partly German. Edward remembered how older relatives would change to speaking German, as soon as any English-speaking staff left them in privacy. Edward himself was fluent in his "mother tongue". So asking the prince to devalue his German heritage would have been cruel, and ineffective.
I will add one more critical factor that Dr Jones did not mention. Edward VIII’s mother Queen Mary was almost entirely German and his father King George V was partly German. Edward remembered how older relatives would change to speaking German, as soon as any English-speaking staff left them in privacy. Edward himself was fluent in his "mother tongue". So asking the prince to devalue his German heritage would have been cruel, and ineffective.