My most engaged era, both politically and musically, was 1965-1970. It was a blur of getting the Labour Party back into power, women’s rights, abortion law reform, ending the Vietnam War and following The Beatles in Liverpool and in Melbourne. Alas Richard Nixon took over as President of the USA in Jan 1969 and alas the Labour Party failed to win enough seats in the Australian Federal elections in Oct 1969.
By 1971, I was becoming more involved in changing nappies, establishing a career and finding family housing. Yet 1971 was the first year in which John Lennon and Yoko Ono moved to Manhattan. Yoko Ono’s goal was to locate her first child, abducted by her ex-husband Tony Cox. [A Christian fundamentalist, Cox had apparently initiated Kyoko into bizarre and secretive Doomsday cult, The Walk].
Lennon had actually been involved in anti-Vietnam war activities since 1969. But as the Vietnam War increasingly became a tragedy of destruction, his goal was to become more visibly involved in the peace movement. In Dec 1971 Lennon sang at a rally for the White Panthers, the first time the FBI put the British citizen under surveillance. Thus by Jan 1972, the American government’s involvement in Lennon’s life was off and running: FBI informants at his concerts and Immigration and Naturalisation Service men looking for evidence of marijuana smoking.
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Nixon and Hoover
How involved was FBI Director J Edgar Hoover? He wrote to HR Haldemann, assistant to Nixon in the White House, indicating the high priority the Lennon case had for Nixon. He wrote that Lennon had taken an interest in extreme left-wing activities in Britain and was known to be a sympathiser of Trotyskist communists there. It is telling that J Edgar Hoover died in May 1972; within 3 months a memo was sent from the FBI’s acting director L Patrick Gray, saying that the FBI was ending its surveillance of Lennon.
In any case Nixon was easily re-elected in November, and a month later, the FBI too closed its investigation. I saw this as a victory for morality and legality, but History Professor John Wiener saw it as a victory for Nixon. The Immigration Service and the FBI, he said, succeeded in pressuring Lennon to cancel his plans and to withdraw from anti-war activity. Even Lennon’s lawyers’ advice was avoid anything that would further provoke the Nixon administration.
How strange then that even after Nixon had been re-elected by a landslide, Lennon continued to receive deportation notices from the INS. So immigration lawyer Leon Wildes sued Attorney General John Mitchell and other high-level officials for their conspiratorial attempts to throw Lennon out of the country. Their investigation turned up documents from Hoover to HR Haldeman, Nixon’s Chief of Staff informing him of the FBI’s progress. If there was anyone on the planet who doubted that Nixon’s political motives had been the reason for the deportation attempts, these documents ended the debate permanently.
As this was going on, Nixon became embroiled in the Watergate scandal. His resignation in Aug 1974 effectively ended the fight against all of Nixon’s enemies, including John Lennon. In Oct 1975, the New York State Supreme Court overturned the deportation order.
Eight months later, John Lennon’s green card arrived. On the court-house steps, Lennon held an impromptu press conference to thank all the fans who wrote to all their senators, and for their petitions over the last five years. Lennon remained a resident in the USA until he was murdered in Dec 1980 in front of his New York apartment building.
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I cannot tell when Lennon was under surveillance by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, or by the Immigration and Naturalisation Service, or both. What is certain is that because of his political activism, the FBI or INS gathered masses of information on Lennon over at least 5 years. Clearly 1972 was the era of Watergate, a paranoid time when president Richard Nixon, J Edgar Hoover, HR Haldemann and everyone else on the extreme right lived in fear. Lennon had spoken out against war so he was wiretapped, followed, surveilled and threatened with deportation. It is hard to believe any government would spend so much energy going after one singer/activist.
Lennon’s FBI/INS files were collected in the 1999 book Gimme Some Truth by Jon Wiener, showing that the Bureau was monitoring everything! Wiener spent 14 years trying to get the Bureau to release its files on Lennon under the Freedom of Information Act. His book shows that President Nixon was terrified that Lennon could affect his re-election prospects. And the surveillance campaign was the subject of a 2006 documentary, The US Vs John Lennon.
Immigration lawyer Leon Wildes told of his legal efforts on behalf of the couple in John Lennon vs. the USA: The Inside Story of the Most Bitterly Contested and Influential Deportation Case in United States History. Government surveillance had easily become an instrument for powerful people to try to hold on to more power.
By 1971, I was becoming more involved in changing nappies, establishing a career and finding family housing. Yet 1971 was the first year in which John Lennon and Yoko Ono moved to Manhattan. Yoko Ono’s goal was to locate her first child, abducted by her ex-husband Tony Cox. [A Christian fundamentalist, Cox had apparently initiated Kyoko into bizarre and secretive Doomsday cult, The Walk].
Lennon had actually been involved in anti-Vietnam war activities since 1969. But as the Vietnam War increasingly became a tragedy of destruction, his goal was to become more visibly involved in the peace movement. In Dec 1971 Lennon sang at a rally for the White Panthers, the first time the FBI put the British citizen under surveillance. Thus by Jan 1972, the American government’s involvement in Lennon’s life was off and running: FBI informants at his concerts and Immigration and Naturalisation Service men looking for evidence of marijuana smoking.
Ono and Lennon
Although there was little mention in the Lennon story of President Richard Nixon at that point, 1972 was the year of Nixon’s re-election campaign. In March, just as the new presidential campaign was heating up, the Immigration and Naturalisation Service/INS (in the Department of Justice) refused to renew Lennon’s visa, and began deportation proceedings.
The surveillance turns out to have been intertwined with electoral politics, rather than for any legitimate law enforcement purposes. President Nixon must have had a very real fear that Lennon would join a national concert tour aimed at encouraging young people to get involved in politics — and at defeating President Nixon.
The 1972 election was the first in which 18 was the voting age, rather than 21. Young people were the strongest anti-war constituency, so Nixon assumed Lennon could use his power as a peace advocate to get young people into the political process. Lennon's idea was a tour, mobilising the new youth vote against the administration and following Nixon’s campaign stops across the country. This love-fest would end with a three-day festival in Miami, where the Republican National Convention would be taking place.
In Feb 1972, Senator Strom Thurmond (R-Ga), who was on the Internal Security Subcommittee of the Judiciary Committee, wrote a letter to the White House apprising them of Lennon’s plans. Thurmond proposed that the best way to stop Lennon would be to have his visa terminated.
Most people assumed Nixon was paranoid and that Thurmond was vicious; that there no plans for Lennon and his followers to end the tour with a huge rally at the Republican National Convention. In any case, because the FBI was tapping Lennon’s phones and following him around, any mooted tour never got past the discussion stage.
In March 1972 the Immigration and Naturalisation Service unexpectedly demanded in writing that John Lennon leave the USA within a fortnight or face deportation hearings. The INS had used Lennon’s 1968 conviction for marijuana possession in Britain as the reason for the deportation. But they left Yoko alone because she already had a green card.
The surveillance turns out to have been intertwined with electoral politics, rather than for any legitimate law enforcement purposes. President Nixon must have had a very real fear that Lennon would join a national concert tour aimed at encouraging young people to get involved in politics — and at defeating President Nixon.
The 1972 election was the first in which 18 was the voting age, rather than 21. Young people were the strongest anti-war constituency, so Nixon assumed Lennon could use his power as a peace advocate to get young people into the political process. Lennon's idea was a tour, mobilising the new youth vote against the administration and following Nixon’s campaign stops across the country. This love-fest would end with a three-day festival in Miami, where the Republican National Convention would be taking place.
In Feb 1972, Senator Strom Thurmond (R-Ga), who was on the Internal Security Subcommittee of the Judiciary Committee, wrote a letter to the White House apprising them of Lennon’s plans. Thurmond proposed that the best way to stop Lennon would be to have his visa terminated.
Most people assumed Nixon was paranoid and that Thurmond was vicious; that there no plans for Lennon and his followers to end the tour with a huge rally at the Republican National Convention. In any case, because the FBI was tapping Lennon’s phones and following him around, any mooted tour never got past the discussion stage.
In March 1972 the Immigration and Naturalisation Service unexpectedly demanded in writing that John Lennon leave the USA within a fortnight or face deportation hearings. The INS had used Lennon’s 1968 conviction for marijuana possession in Britain as the reason for the deportation. But they left Yoko alone because she already had a green card.
How involved was FBI Director J Edgar Hoover? He wrote to HR Haldemann, assistant to Nixon in the White House, indicating the high priority the Lennon case had for Nixon. He wrote that Lennon had taken an interest in extreme left-wing activities in Britain and was known to be a sympathiser of Trotyskist communists there. It is telling that J Edgar Hoover died in May 1972; within 3 months a memo was sent from the FBI’s acting director L Patrick Gray, saying that the FBI was ending its surveillance of Lennon.
In any case Nixon was easily re-elected in November, and a month later, the FBI too closed its investigation. I saw this as a victory for morality and legality, but History Professor John Wiener saw it as a victory for Nixon. The Immigration Service and the FBI, he said, succeeded in pressuring Lennon to cancel his plans and to withdraw from anti-war activity. Even Lennon’s lawyers’ advice was avoid anything that would further provoke the Nixon administration.
How strange then that even after Nixon had been re-elected by a landslide, Lennon continued to receive deportation notices from the INS. So immigration lawyer Leon Wildes sued Attorney General John Mitchell and other high-level officials for their conspiratorial attempts to throw Lennon out of the country. Their investigation turned up documents from Hoover to HR Haldeman, Nixon’s Chief of Staff informing him of the FBI’s progress. If there was anyone on the planet who doubted that Nixon’s political motives had been the reason for the deportation attempts, these documents ended the debate permanently.
As this was going on, Nixon became embroiled in the Watergate scandal. His resignation in Aug 1974 effectively ended the fight against all of Nixon’s enemies, including John Lennon. In Oct 1975, the New York State Supreme Court overturned the deportation order.
Eight months later, John Lennon’s green card arrived. On the court-house steps, Lennon held an impromptu press conference to thank all the fans who wrote to all their senators, and for their petitions over the last five years. Lennon remained a resident in the USA until he was murdered in Dec 1980 in front of his New York apartment building.
**
I cannot tell when Lennon was under surveillance by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, or by the Immigration and Naturalisation Service, or both. What is certain is that because of his political activism, the FBI or INS gathered masses of information on Lennon over at least 5 years. Clearly 1972 was the era of Watergate, a paranoid time when president Richard Nixon, J Edgar Hoover, HR Haldemann and everyone else on the extreme right lived in fear. Lennon had spoken out against war so he was wiretapped, followed, surveilled and threatened with deportation. It is hard to believe any government would spend so much energy going after one singer/activist.
Lennon’s FBI/INS files were collected in the 1999 book Gimme Some Truth by Jon Wiener, showing that the Bureau was monitoring everything! Wiener spent 14 years trying to get the Bureau to release its files on Lennon under the Freedom of Information Act. His book shows that President Nixon was terrified that Lennon could affect his re-election prospects. And the surveillance campaign was the subject of a 2006 documentary, The US Vs John Lennon.
Immigration lawyer Leon Wildes told of his legal efforts on behalf of the couple in John Lennon vs. the USA: The Inside Story of the Most Bitterly Contested and Influential Deportation Case in United States History. Government surveillance had easily become an instrument for powerful people to try to hold on to more power.