This blog has been very involved in analysing programmes dedicated to saving children and young people from orphanages, poverty, chronic unemployment, lack of potential marital partners after WW1 and extermination by the Nazis in WW2. The label “Migration” has been used so often in this blog, it almost requires a sub-set called “Child and Adolescent Rescue”. But I don't remember any topic dealing with intra-national transporting of children.
It was estimated that in the 1850s there were 30,000 homeless children aged 6+, in New York City alone. In 1853, a young minister called Charles Loring Brace moved to New York to study. He was horrified by what he saw and instantly recognised that without protection by a responsible adult, these children were without any hope of a decent future.
He dedicated himself to their rescue. Only by removing the children from the poverty and grime of the city streets and placing them in Christian farm families, could those children have a future. Rev Brace recognised the need for labour in the expanding farm country, and proposed that his children be sent by train, to live and work on farms. He believed that farmers would welcome homeless children, take them into their homes and treat them as their own. Note the emphasis on expanding farm country – if the New York street children were merely transplanted to another grimy, industrial city, the probability was that they would become street children in the new city as well.
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It was estimated that in the 1850s there were 30,000 homeless children aged 6+, in New York City alone. In 1853, a young minister called Charles Loring Brace moved to New York to study. He was horrified by what he saw and instantly recognised that without protection by a responsible adult, these children were without any hope of a decent future.
He dedicated himself to their rescue. Only by removing the children from the poverty and grime of the city streets and placing them in Christian farm families, could those children have a future. Rev Brace recognised the need for labour in the expanding farm country, and proposed that his children be sent by train, to live and work on farms. He believed that farmers would welcome homeless children, take them into their homes and treat them as their own. Note the emphasis on expanding farm country – if the New York street children were merely transplanted to another grimy, industrial city, the probability was that they would become street children in the new city as well.
cover of Stephen O'Connor's excellent book,
showing the orphans dressed for selection
So in 1853, Rev Brace founded the Children's Aid Society to do the endless tasks involved in the legal mass movement of children. His organisation planned the train trips and raised the money for travel and accommodation. The children were not necessarily orphans: there were also neglected children from married or single parents, runaways and prostitutes. So the Children’s Aid Society made efforts to get parental consent wherever possible; in turn, the natural parents were promised that their children would be sent to individual foster and adoptive families, not to institutions.
Besides the Children's Aid Society, other agencies placed children in the programme. These included both the New York Juvenile Asylum and the Orphan Asylum Society of the City of New York.
The children would be placed in homes, not as indentured servants but as unskilled labour who could help the farming foster-parents on their land. In fact the records said that older children placed by The Children's Aid Society were to be paid for their labours. I wonder if that happened.
As with all our rescue programmes, the motives for moving young people on the Orphan Trains were multiple:
A] to help populate farming communities in the western states by strong white people,
B] to provide a better future for New York’s street children in good Christian families, and
C] to rid New York and other city streets of grimy street urchins.
The Orphan Train Movement lasted from 1853-1930 during which time 150,000 children were shipped from eastern cities and and placed with rural western families. Each train would start its journey full of young people, stopping at stations along the railway line as advertised in the local newspapers, leaving small groups of children at each stop en route. Indiana was very popular, in the early decades.
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Besides the Children's Aid Society, other agencies placed children in the programme. These included both the New York Juvenile Asylum and the Orphan Asylum Society of the City of New York.
The children would be placed in homes, not as indentured servants but as unskilled labour who could help the farming foster-parents on their land. In fact the records said that older children placed by The Children's Aid Society were to be paid for their labours. I wonder if that happened.
As with all our rescue programmes, the motives for moving young people on the Orphan Trains were multiple:
A] to help populate farming communities in the western states by strong white people,
B] to provide a better future for New York’s street children in good Christian families, and
C] to rid New York and other city streets of grimy street urchins.
The Orphan Train Movement lasted from 1853-1930 during which time 150,000 children were shipped from eastern cities and and placed with rural western families. Each train would start its journey full of young people, stopping at stations along the railway line as advertised in the local newspapers, leaving small groups of children at each stop en route. Indiana was very popular, in the early decades.
advertising poster from Troy, Mo in Feb 1910
recruiting foster parents and specifying condition
The children did not know where they would be left nor who would select them and take them home. Posters advertised the arrival of children and just before the train pulled into a station, the children were cleaned. They were then shown off and inspected before crowds of prospective parents.
Placement into new families was not as professional as we would hope for today. In the best circumstances, there was an attempt to match adopters' wishes with children selected by welfare workers prior to the train trip, so that each child was sent to a specific, matched family. In many towns, vetting of farming families was left to local church elders who would try to weed out the alcoholics and wife beaters. Sometimes would-be foster parents merely examined the children’s teeth and muscles in the market place, in order to select the healthiest potential farm workers.
By 1910, the posters were announcing where the distribution (sic) of children would be, and specifying what the obligations on the foster parents would be: the transported children were to have schooling, church and clothing exactly the same as the natural-born children. Applications to foster a child had to be made to a nominated committee of upstanding local citizens.
The administrative records were far from complete. But as the PBS film The Orphan Trains suggested, the transition from one side of the country to the other must have been painful and confusing. Their biological parents may not have been the best in the world, but most train-children wanted desperately to see them again. And Rev Brace understood the dilemma. He wanted desperately to improve the children’s lives… “And yet, you are perplexed what to do. The human soul is difficult to interfere with. You hesitate how far you should go."
The Children's Aid Society liked to point with pride to success stories. The orphans, when they grew up, produced two governors, one congressman, one sheriff, two district attorneys, three county commissioners as well as numerous bankers, lawyers, physicians, journalists, ministers, teachers and businessmen.
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The question with the Orphan Trains, as it was with the Barwell Boys and the Stolen Children was: who in authority was on the spot, to supervise the placements and protect the children?
Programmatically, the successes and failures of The Orphan Train Movement focused welfare professionals’ and academics’ minds, leading to modernised child welfare reforms, including child labour laws, adoption, foster care, health care, state schools and vocational training.
There are two main sources of information today. The Orphan Train Heritage Society of America in Kansas re-establishes broken family trees and preserves the history of the Orphan Train Movement. The Victor Remer Historical Archives of The Children's Aid Society in New York holds the official records about children’s programmes (Orphan Train, foster care and adoption) operating from 1853 on, annual reports, and The Children's Aid Society lodging houses, industrial schools, convalescent homes, health centres and farm schools.
Placement into new families was not as professional as we would hope for today. In the best circumstances, there was an attempt to match adopters' wishes with children selected by welfare workers prior to the train trip, so that each child was sent to a specific, matched family. In many towns, vetting of farming families was left to local church elders who would try to weed out the alcoholics and wife beaters. Sometimes would-be foster parents merely examined the children’s teeth and muscles in the market place, in order to select the healthiest potential farm workers.
By 1910, the posters were announcing where the distribution (sic) of children would be, and specifying what the obligations on the foster parents would be: the transported children were to have schooling, church and clothing exactly the same as the natural-born children. Applications to foster a child had to be made to a nominated committee of upstanding local citizens.
The administrative records were far from complete. But as the PBS film The Orphan Trains suggested, the transition from one side of the country to the other must have been painful and confusing. Their biological parents may not have been the best in the world, but most train-children wanted desperately to see them again. And Rev Brace understood the dilemma. He wanted desperately to improve the children’s lives… “And yet, you are perplexed what to do. The human soul is difficult to interfere with. You hesitate how far you should go."
The Children's Aid Society liked to point with pride to success stories. The orphans, when they grew up, produced two governors, one congressman, one sheriff, two district attorneys, three county commissioners as well as numerous bankers, lawyers, physicians, journalists, ministers, teachers and businessmen.
cover of Renee Wendinger's excellent book,
which focused on New York's newsboys and bootblacks
Many others of the New York orphans went on to lead ordinary lives, raising their families and working towards a peaceful, productive future. But some of the children definitely struggled in their new life in the West. Some of the farmers saw the children as nothing more than a source of cheap labour, easily exploited. And there was also evidence of physical or sexual abuse by foster parents.
Programmatically, the successes and failures of The Orphan Train Movement focused welfare professionals’ and academics’ minds, leading to modernised child welfare reforms, including child labour laws, adoption, foster care, health care, state schools and vocational training.
There are two main sources of information today. The Orphan Train Heritage Society of America in Kansas re-establishes broken family trees and preserves the history of the Orphan Train Movement. The Victor Remer Historical Archives of The Children's Aid Society in New York holds the official records about children’s programmes (Orphan Train, foster care and adoption) operating from 1853 on, annual reports, and The Children's Aid Society lodging houses, industrial schools, convalescent homes, health centres and farm schools.
Readers might like to locate:
DiPasquale, Connie, A History of the Orphan Trains.
DiPasquale, Connie, A History of the Orphan Trains.
O'Connor, Stephen Orphan Trains: The Story of Charles Loring Brace and the Children He Saved and Failed, Chicago UP, 2004.
PBS transcript of the film The Orphan Trains.
Wendinger, R Extra! Extra!The Orphan Trains and Newsboys of New York, Legendary, 2010.
PBS transcript of the film The Orphan Trains.
Wendinger, R Extra! Extra!The Orphan Trains and Newsboys of New York, Legendary, 2010.