In Life Magazine (Vol 13, 2, June 2013)’s quest to find the Wonders of the Man-Made World, India’s Taj Mahal came fourth. So who created this masterpiece and why? Enperor Shahjahan (1592–1666) was one of the greatest of the Moghul rulers of India. In 1612, aged 20, he married his second wife, his beloved Arjuman Banu Begum. He inherited the Islamic throne from his late father in 1628 and his wife became the Empress Mumtaz, mother of 14 children.
When the Empress Mumtaz died in childbirth in 1630, Shahjahan was grief stricken. To display his eternal grieving, the widower ordered the building of the most beautiful mausoleum on earth for her. As a result, the Taj Mahal was beautiful Moghul architecture. It was completed during the 1630-52 era and took the combined labour of 20,000 workers. The finest sculptors, masons, craftsmen and calligraphers were invited from all over Persia, Ottoman Empire and Europe. Money was no object.
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Entrance gate into the Taj Mahal
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Mumtaz Mahal’s actual tomb inside was placed on its own marble plinth, which rested on a red sandstone platform below the dome. Four very tall pillars rose up from the corners of a high, white marble plinth and were topped with 8 windowed cupolas, just like the throne of God in paradise.
When Shahjahan was alive, he planned to build his own tomb facing the Taj across the River Yamuna, out of black marble. But after his death, son Aurangzeb put his parents's tombs together. Shahjahan's cenotaph was placed to the left and higher than that of his wife, but both tombs were finely inlaid with semi-precious stones. Finally a marble trelliswork screen surrounded the two graves.
To the left of the Taj is a red sandstone Friday mosque, the centre for prayer and sermon for all the local Muslim citizens of Agra. The building's most interesting feature was white marble where the artists added exquisite calligraphy, the name Allah and quotations from scriptures inscribed.
To the right of the central Taj, they built a guest house that was similar to the architecture of the Friday mosque. But as it faces away from Mecca, it was clearly never intended for prayers. White marble bulbous domes, on the Friday mosque, the guest house and the Taj itself, link the three buildings into an integrated whole.
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When the Empress Mumtaz died in childbirth in 1630, Shahjahan was grief stricken. To display his eternal grieving, the widower ordered the building of the most beautiful mausoleum on earth for her. As a result, the Taj Mahal was beautiful Moghul architecture. It was completed during the 1630-52 era and took the combined labour of 20,000 workers. The finest sculptors, masons, craftsmen and calligraphers were invited from all over Persia, Ottoman Empire and Europe. Money was no object.
The vast complex started at the main gateway, a massive red sandstone edifice that was 30 metres high. The gateway had in its top small cupolas and was decorated with calligraphy. Note the flanking octagonal towers and the marble cupola at the top of the gate. The door was made from different types of metal and studded with knobs. Like the interior of the mausoleum itself, the gate had white marble inlaid with precious gems. Koranic inscriptions were made from black marble.
Immediately after the gateway, Shah Jahan built a lush green garden that extended from the front gateway as far as the plinth of the royal Tomb. This garden was based on the Islamic belief in Paradise having four rivers, running with water, milk, wine and honey respectively. The garden alone covered half the total area of the mausoleum complex.
The Taj Mahal was created out of a crisp white marble, imported from Rajasthan’s quarries; caravans of elephants had to transport the raw material into Agra. Red sandstone was brought from Fatehpur Sikri, jade and crystal travelled all the way from China, turquoise came from Tibet, jasper was imported from the Punjab and Sri Lanka supplied the precious jewels for the inlay work.
Immediately after the gateway, Shah Jahan built a lush green garden that extended from the front gateway as far as the plinth of the royal Tomb. This garden was based on the Islamic belief in Paradise having four rivers, running with water, milk, wine and honey respectively. The garden alone covered half the total area of the mausoleum complex.
The Taj Mahal was created out of a crisp white marble, imported from Rajasthan’s quarries; caravans of elephants had to transport the raw material into Agra. Red sandstone was brought from Fatehpur Sikri, jade and crystal travelled all the way from China, turquoise came from Tibet, jasper was imported from the Punjab and Sri Lanka supplied the precious jewels for the inlay work.
Taj Mahal, reflected in the garden pool.
Mumtaz Mahal’s actual tomb inside was placed on its own marble plinth, which rested on a red sandstone platform below the dome. Four very tall pillars rose up from the corners of a high, white marble plinth and were topped with 8 windowed cupolas, just like the throne of God in paradise.
When Shahjahan was alive, he planned to build his own tomb facing the Taj across the River Yamuna, out of black marble. But after his death, son Aurangzeb put his parents's tombs together. Shahjahan's cenotaph was placed to the left and higher than that of his wife, but both tombs were finely inlaid with semi-precious stones. Finally a marble trelliswork screen surrounded the two graves.
To the left of the Taj is a red sandstone Friday mosque, the centre for prayer and sermon for all the local Muslim citizens of Agra. The building's most interesting feature was white marble where the artists added exquisite calligraphy, the name Allah and quotations from scriptures inscribed.
To the right of the central Taj, they built a guest house that was similar to the architecture of the Friday mosque. But as it faces away from Mecca, it was clearly never intended for prayers. White marble bulbous domes, on the Friday mosque, the guest house and the Taj itself, link the three buildings into an integrated whole.
Friday mosque, facing towards the Taj Mahal
Taj Mahal was completed in 1652 while Shahjahan was still able to enjoy its beauty. But he lost his throne in 1658 when he became ill. His ungrateful son Aurangzeb (1618-1707) saw the opportunity to immediately grab the throne and imprison his father! Shahjahan spent the last 8 tragic years of his lonely life under house arrest at nearby Agra Fort, nursed by his eldest daughter. The widower could look longingly at the beautiful, distant Taj Mahal across the valley, but he could not approach the building.
In Victorian times, the Taj Mahal might have started fraying visibly at the edges, so the British viceroy Lord Curzon ordered that money be spent to renovate the buildings and gardens. Appropriately the complex was declared an UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983. I have only one complaint. It took the women just a few moments to get through the security check. My husband and the other men, alasa were in the security queue for 30 minutes each.
In Victorian times, the Taj Mahal might have started fraying visibly at the edges, so the British viceroy Lord Curzon ordered that money be spent to renovate the buildings and gardens. Appropriately the complex was declared an UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983. I have only one complaint. It took the women just a few moments to get through the security check. My husband and the other men, alasa were in the security queue for 30 minutes each.