Albania’s dark, modern history should not block out its post-Roman and medieval past as a model of Mediterranean history, playing host to Greeks, Romans, Venetians, Normans and Ottomans. Now we need to analysis Albania’s up-and-down history going back centuries. I am out of my comfort zone here, so thanks to Rhys Griffiths.
Following the fall of Rome, between the C4th and C7th AD, Albania became part of the Byzantine empire. In the C12th the region in north-central Albania was the site of the first autonomous Albanian principality, Arbanon.
But in the medieval era, Albania became an attractive country to struggle over. In 1272 the new Kingdom of Albania extended from the region of Durazzo, south along the coast to Butrint. There was a major attempt to advance further and in Dec 1280 Angevin forces (i.e from Anjou) captured Berat and besieged its castle.
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The Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII wanted Pope Gregory X to stop his Latin adversaries. Pope Gregory, the main supporter of the union of the churches, died in 1276 and the next pope restricted Charles Count of Anjou's movements. But in Feb 1281 Charles retaliated by purposely placing a French Pope at the head of the Catholic Church. The Byzantine Emperor was excommunicated by the new Pope and Charles' launched an expedition against him.
A Byzantine counter-offensive followed, driving the Angevins out within a year. But how did it happen? The Sicilian Vespers was a rebellion on Sicily that broke out in 1282 against the rule of King Charles I; he had ruled the Kingdom of Sicily since 1266. The government of King Charles of Anjou quickly lost control of the island and Charles’ kingdom was further reduced by the Byzantines to a small area.
Note that the Angevins held out until 1368 when the city was seized by Albanian Prince Karl Thopia. But even that didn’t last for long. In 1392 Karl Thopia's son surrendered to the Republic of Venice.
Clearly every ambitious power in Europe had fought over Albania (and other small countries). In time, parts of Albania were occupied by Venetian, Norman, Serbian and Bulgarian forces, before becoming part of the Ottoman Empire in 1431. The Ottomans required Albanian chiefs to send their sons to the Turkish court as hostages. After leaving Ottoman service one son, Skanderbeg, returned to Albania, converted to Christianity and heroically led a rebellion against the Ottoman Empire in what is today Albania and Macedonia.
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Following the fall of Rome, between the C4th and C7th AD, Albania became part of the Byzantine empire. In the C12th the region in north-central Albania was the site of the first autonomous Albanian principality, Arbanon.
But in the medieval era, Albania became an attractive country to struggle over. In 1272 the new Kingdom of Albania extended from the region of Durazzo, south along the coast to Butrint. There was a major attempt to advance further and in Dec 1280 Angevin forces (i.e from Anjou) captured Berat and besieged its castle.
Albania and its neighbours Greece, Macedonia, Kosovo and Montenegro
The Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII wanted Pope Gregory X to stop his Latin adversaries. Pope Gregory, the main supporter of the union of the churches, died in 1276 and the next pope restricted Charles Count of Anjou's movements. But in Feb 1281 Charles retaliated by purposely placing a French Pope at the head of the Catholic Church. The Byzantine Emperor was excommunicated by the new Pope and Charles' launched an expedition against him.
A Byzantine counter-offensive followed, driving the Angevins out within a year. But how did it happen? The Sicilian Vespers was a rebellion on Sicily that broke out in 1282 against the rule of King Charles I; he had ruled the Kingdom of Sicily since 1266. The government of King Charles of Anjou quickly lost control of the island and Charles’ kingdom was further reduced by the Byzantines to a small area.
Note that the Angevins held out until 1368 when the city was seized by Albanian Prince Karl Thopia. But even that didn’t last for long. In 1392 Karl Thopia's son surrendered to the Republic of Venice.
Clearly every ambitious power in Europe had fought over Albania (and other small countries). In time, parts of Albania were occupied by Venetian, Norman, Serbian and Bulgarian forces, before becoming part of the Ottoman Empire in 1431. The Ottomans required Albanian chiefs to send their sons to the Turkish court as hostages. After leaving Ottoman service one son, Skanderbeg, returned to Albania, converted to Christianity and heroically led a rebellion against the Ottoman Empire in what is today Albania and Macedonia.
Ottoman rule lasted from 1431 until Albanian independence in 1912, spreading Islam within Albania until it eventually became the main religion. As elsewhere in the Balkans, Ottoman rule allowed local chiefs to rule, in return for tribute and military support.
Eventually Albania was being courted by Austria and Italy. Albania’s first nationalist organisation was founded in 1878: the League for the Defence of the Rights of the Albanian Nation in Prizren.
With the Ottomans deeply involved in the First Balkan War, Albania declared independence in Nov 1912. But then it became an Italian protectorate in June 1917.
Eventually Albania was being courted by Austria and Italy. Albania’s first nationalist organisation was founded in 1878: the League for the Defence of the Rights of the Albanian Nation in Prizren.
With the Ottomans deeply involved in the First Balkan War, Albania declared independence in Nov 1912. But then it became an Italian protectorate in June 1917.
Independence Monument 1912
in Vlore, 3rd biggest city in Albania (pop 230,000)
Albania achieved statehood after WW1, but it was a miserable time in which no government could last. Ahmed Bey Zogu had first served as Prime Minister of Albania (1922–4), then as President (1925–8), and finally as King Zog and Royal Albanian Army Field Marshal (1928–39). And throughout these years, Ottoman Albania had remained an unhappy poverty-stricken, largely illiterate country, with little industry and no nation-wide railways, universities or large cities. The peasantry were under the control of their local medieval lords, and the regime was reliant on Mussolini’s Italy.
In 1939 Benito Mussolini annexed Albania for Italy and exiled King Zog. After Germany invaded Yugoslavia in 1941, everything changed. That year, Enver Hoxha (1908–1985) joined the Albanian Communist Party. Yugoslav communists made him 1st secretary of the party’s Central Committee & political commissar of the Army of National Liberation. When German troops occupied Albania in 1943, national resistance groups of the left and the right fought the Germans and each other. Hostile Albanian groups sometimes collaborated with the Germans against Hoxha, whose superior ruthlessness enabled his men to dominate the Albanian Army.
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Enver Hoxha, prime minister of Albania
Wiki
Late in 1944, with the Germans in retreat, an anti-Fascist congress declared Hoxha prime minister of Albania; he headed a victorious parade into Tirana and retained his position from the liberation of Albania until 1954. At first Hoxha was a close colleague of Marshall JosipTito; Albanian partisan divisions had gone into German-occupied Yugoslavia where they fought with Tito's men and the Soviet Red Army in a joint campaign to destroy German resistance. But that didn’t last. Hoxha and Tito split in 1948.
After the break between Tito’s Yugoslavia and Moscow, Albania received massive aid from the Soviet Union. So Hoxha declared himself a communist and a huge admirer of Joseph Stalin. Finally, as 1st secretary of the Party of Labour’s Central Committee, Hoxha became de facto head of state for the rest of his life. Hoxha and his government adopted policies that would denude the rural landlords of their land and power, organise the peasants into collective farms, grow enough food to feed the entire population, establish a universal health care and nationalise the banks. The Albanian language was resurrected, modern industries were developing and the oppression of women was to end.
Albania achieved statehood after WW1, but it was a miserable time in which no government could last. Ahmed Bey Zogu had first served as Prime Minister of Albania (1922–4), then as President (1925–8), and finally as King Zog and Royal Albanian Army Field Marshal (1928–39). And throughout these years, Ottoman Albania had remained an unhappy poverty-stricken, largely illiterate country, with little industry and no nation-wide railways, universities or large cities. The peasantry were under the control of their local medieval lords, and the regime was reliant on Mussolini’s Italy.
In 1939 Benito Mussolini annexed Albania for Italy and exiled King Zog. After Germany invaded Yugoslavia in 1941, everything changed. That year, Enver Hoxha (1908–1985) joined the Albanian Communist Party. Yugoslav communists made him 1st secretary of the party’s Central Committee & political commissar of the Army of National Liberation. When German troops occupied Albania in 1943, national resistance groups of the left and the right fought the Germans and each other. Hostile Albanian groups sometimes collaborated with the Germans against Hoxha, whose superior ruthlessness enabled his men to dominate the Albanian Army.
Wiki
Late in 1944, with the Germans in retreat, an anti-Fascist congress declared Hoxha prime minister of Albania; he headed a victorious parade into Tirana and retained his position from the liberation of Albania until 1954. At first Hoxha was a close colleague of Marshall JosipTito; Albanian partisan divisions had gone into German-occupied Yugoslavia where they fought with Tito's men and the Soviet Red Army in a joint campaign to destroy German resistance. But that didn’t last. Hoxha and Tito split in 1948.
After the break between Tito’s Yugoslavia and Moscow, Albania received massive aid from the Soviet Union. So Hoxha declared himself a communist and a huge admirer of Joseph Stalin. Finally, as 1st secretary of the Party of Labour’s Central Committee, Hoxha became de facto head of state for the rest of his life. Hoxha and his government adopted policies that would denude the rural landlords of their land and power, organise the peasants into collective farms, grow enough food to feed the entire population, establish a universal health care and nationalise the banks. The Albanian language was resurrected, modern industries were developing and the oppression of women was to end.
Skanderbeg monument, Tirana
In a country that was 90% Islamic and 10% Christian, the greatest punishment for the locals was the closing of all mosques, churches and religious institutions in 1967. All school education had to be secular, at least until the ban on religion was lifted in Dec 1990.
Hoxha began a ruthless modernisation policy that alienated his political rivals, traditional Muslims and Christians, impoverished landowners and peasants. As a result, Hoxha became increasingly paranoid about growing opposition to his rule. In a population of c2.5 million, 5500 Albanians were executed, 24,200 were sent to forced labour camps and 200,000 became internal government spies.
Diabetes killed Hoxha in 1985 at 76. He had transformed Albania from a primeval relic of the Ottoman Empire into a modern but brutal industrialised country. His trusted colleague Ramiz Alia took over.
Hoxha began a ruthless modernisation policy that alienated his political rivals, traditional Muslims and Christians, impoverished landowners and peasants. As a result, Hoxha became increasingly paranoid about growing opposition to his rule. In a population of c2.5 million, 5500 Albanians were executed, 24,200 were sent to forced labour camps and 200,000 became internal government spies.
Diabetes killed Hoxha in 1985 at 76. He had transformed Albania from a primeval relic of the Ottoman Empire into a modern but brutal industrialised country. His trusted colleague Ramiz Alia took over.