Let me quote from the excellent Napoleon’s Last Stand paper, written by historian Jean-Noel Bregeon. Arthur Wellesley, the Duke of Wellington, skilfully managed to expel Emperor Napoleon from Portugal in 1811 and won decisive victories against the French in Spain in 1813. After the French Grand Army’s ruinous attempt to invade Russia, Allied forces invaded France from all sides in 1813.
The French Empire was weakening, damaging the Emperor’s plans for European domination. By April 1814 it looked as if the anti-French Allies had succeeded. Napoleon abdicated and was exiled to the Italian island of Elba; Bourbon King Louis XVIII was restored to power instead.
Napoleon was not a prisoner on Elba; he was granted sovereignty of the island plus an armed guard. A flow of intelligence from French informants & letters helped him secretly plan for his future. Even from Elba, Napoleon knew the Bourbon government was unpopular and by May 1814, he expected he would be sent for... to "tranquilise" France.
Then in Feb 1815, Europe received a shock: the audacious Napoleon escaped from Elba and sailed for France. It is hard to over-estimate the horror this news provoked. Many nations feared that Napoleon’s escape would restart French imperial expansion, and re-plunge Europe into war.
In spring 1815 British, Prussian, Austrian and Russian forces re-grouped as Napoleon again mobilised the French army. A last, epic showdown loomed. This time Napoleon faced a coalition of nations led by his old skilled adversary, the Duke of Wellington.
In March, Napoleon reached Paris with the applause of the masses in his ears. Despite his claims to want peace, the Allies were wary. Together they signed what amounted to a declaration of war.
Events moved swiftly, and the restored French emperor had little time to organise. With enemy armies massing on France’s northern frontiers, he tried to organise a volunteer force to supplement the standing army. Even so, the French army was a fearful opponent. Its troops were experienced fighters, and its commander still inspired passionate loyalty.
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Wellington at Waterloo, by Robert Hillingford,
The French Empire was weakening, damaging the Emperor’s plans for European domination. By April 1814 it looked as if the anti-French Allies had succeeded. Napoleon abdicated and was exiled to the Italian island of Elba; Bourbon King Louis XVIII was restored to power instead.
Napoleon was not a prisoner on Elba; he was granted sovereignty of the island plus an armed guard. A flow of intelligence from French informants & letters helped him secretly plan for his future. Even from Elba, Napoleon knew the Bourbon government was unpopular and by May 1814, he expected he would be sent for... to "tranquilise" France.
Then in Feb 1815, Europe received a shock: the audacious Napoleon escaped from Elba and sailed for France. It is hard to over-estimate the horror this news provoked. Many nations feared that Napoleon’s escape would restart French imperial expansion, and re-plunge Europe into war.
In spring 1815 British, Prussian, Austrian and Russian forces re-grouped as Napoleon again mobilised the French army. A last, epic showdown loomed. This time Napoleon faced a coalition of nations led by his old skilled adversary, the Duke of Wellington.
In March, Napoleon reached Paris with the applause of the masses in his ears. Despite his claims to want peace, the Allies were wary. Together they signed what amounted to a declaration of war.
Events moved swiftly, and the restored French emperor had little time to organise. With enemy armies massing on France’s northern frontiers, he tried to organise a volunteer force to supplement the standing army. Even so, the French army was a fearful opponent. Its troops were experienced fighters, and its commander still inspired passionate loyalty.
Napoleon’s Return to France, painted by Charles Steuben in 1818.
Wiki
The Allied forces consisted of British, Prussian and other troops who were divided into detachments. British commander, the Duke of Wellington, patiently decided to wait for the enemy to attack rather than force their hand.
Brimming with confidence, Napoleon was planning for a decisive victory. Ignoring advice to postpone engagement with the enemy, he left Paris on 12th June 1815 to join his army in Belgium where Wellington’s and Gebhard von Blücher’s troops lay in wait. On 14th June Napoleon proclaimed: “The honour and happiness of our country are at stake; Frenchmen, the moment has arrived when we must conqueror or die!”
A double battle took place on 16th June in Quatre-Bras and Ligny; both were French victories, although neither was a fatal blow to Napoleon’s enemies. On 17th June, heavy rains soaked the ground and the French soldiers. The wet fields and muddy roads became a swampy mess.
At dawn on 18th June, Wellington and Napoleon organised their forces. Wellington set up his headquarters in Mont-Saint-Jean, not far from Waterloo. He had deployed most of his 68,000 troops along a long ridge with three farms. The British commander stuck to his defensive tactic, knowing he needed to wait for Blücher’s detachments (c50,000 men) to arrive. After the clash at Ligny, Blücher withdrew to Wavre, closer to Waterloo.
Napoleon’s camp was in the village of Maison du Roi. Because French forces totalled c72,000 men, Napoleon hoped to take advantage of the distance between the Prussians and the British, to quickly destroy Wellington’s forces. The emperor believed that victory was within his grasp! But the emperor’s plan was thwarted by the mud and fog, which prevented an early start. Napoleon believed that had it not rained, he would have quickly defeated the Allied army, before the Prussians arrived.
But none of the French attacks breached the front. The Allied infantry, especially the British, showed determined resilience in facing the French onslaught. As a result, some formations suffered unprecedented losses e.g the Inniskilling Regiment lost two-thirds of its men in 45 minutes.
The strain was becoming intolerable on Wellington. He desperately awaited news of Blücher’s arrival so that the Prussians could save them. At 4 PM Blücher’s forces started to attack the French flanks but the danger for Wellington was not over yet. One farmhouse fell to the French at 6 PM. An hour later, the allied forces faced the terrifying charge from the Imperial Guard, the force Napoleon always reserved to decide battles. The Emperor thought the Imperial Guard would break the Allies, but he miscalculated. He had to send several regiments of his Imperial Guard to fight the Prussians, men who were sorely missed by their comrades during the final push. As they charged, Allied gunfire ripped them apart. The Imperial Guard faltered and the French troops scattered in terror-filled retreat.
The Allied forces consisted of British, Prussian and other troops who were divided into detachments. British commander, the Duke of Wellington, patiently decided to wait for the enemy to attack rather than force their hand.
Brimming with confidence, Napoleon was planning for a decisive victory. Ignoring advice to postpone engagement with the enemy, he left Paris on 12th June 1815 to join his army in Belgium where Wellington’s and Gebhard von Blücher’s troops lay in wait. On 14th June Napoleon proclaimed: “The honour and happiness of our country are at stake; Frenchmen, the moment has arrived when we must conqueror or die!”
A double battle took place on 16th June in Quatre-Bras and Ligny; both were French victories, although neither was a fatal blow to Napoleon’s enemies. On 17th June, heavy rains soaked the ground and the French soldiers. The wet fields and muddy roads became a swampy mess.
At dawn on 18th June, Wellington and Napoleon organised their forces. Wellington set up his headquarters in Mont-Saint-Jean, not far from Waterloo. He had deployed most of his 68,000 troops along a long ridge with three farms. The British commander stuck to his defensive tactic, knowing he needed to wait for Blücher’s detachments (c50,000 men) to arrive. After the clash at Ligny, Blücher withdrew to Wavre, closer to Waterloo.
Napoleon’s camp was in the village of Maison du Roi. Because French forces totalled c72,000 men, Napoleon hoped to take advantage of the distance between the Prussians and the British, to quickly destroy Wellington’s forces. The emperor believed that victory was within his grasp! But the emperor’s plan was thwarted by the mud and fog, which prevented an early start. Napoleon believed that had it not rained, he would have quickly defeated the Allied army, before the Prussians arrived.
But none of the French attacks breached the front. The Allied infantry, especially the British, showed determined resilience in facing the French onslaught. As a result, some formations suffered unprecedented losses e.g the Inniskilling Regiment lost two-thirds of its men in 45 minutes.
The strain was becoming intolerable on Wellington. He desperately awaited news of Blücher’s arrival so that the Prussians could save them. At 4 PM Blücher’s forces started to attack the French flanks but the danger for Wellington was not over yet. One farmhouse fell to the French at 6 PM. An hour later, the allied forces faced the terrifying charge from the Imperial Guard, the force Napoleon always reserved to decide battles. The Emperor thought the Imperial Guard would break the Allies, but he miscalculated. He had to send several regiments of his Imperial Guard to fight the Prussians, men who were sorely missed by their comrades during the final push. As they charged, Allied gunfire ripped them apart. The Imperial Guard faltered and the French troops scattered in terror-filled retreat.
Musée Wellington, Waterloo.
At 8:15 PM Napoleon ordered a retreat, once he realised the mortal blow had been struck. But the Allies’ victory came at a heavy cost. Historians estimated Wellington’s casualties c15,000 and Blücher’s at c8,000. Napoleon suffered c25,000 casualties and 9,000 Frenchmen were captured. Wellington was overwhelmed by the loss of life.
Napoleon immediately returned to Paris where he abdicated in favour of his son on 22th June. A month after the battle, Napoleon gave himself up to the British, who banished him to St Helena, a mid-Atlantic island. The Napoleonic Era was over for good.
**
Yet... yet....whilst on Elba, Napoleon knew the Bourbon government was unpopular and that he would have to save France. So why, despite solid advice to postpone the battle, did Napoleon take full command of an unnecessary battle, stating that he could easily defeat the inept British soldiers and the remote Prussian soldiers?
We can acknowledge that the French under Marshal Michel Ney eventually captured a farmhouse in the Allied area and began decimating Wellington’s troops with artillery. But why was Napoleon so preoccupied with the 30,000 Prussians attacking his flank that he did not release troops to aid Ney’s attack until later? By that time, Wellington had reorganised the British defences, and the French attack was repulsed. Fifteen minutes later, the allied army launched a general advance and the Prussians attacked in the east, throwing the French troops into chaotic retreat.
At 8:15 PM Napoleon ordered a retreat, once he realised the mortal blow had been struck. But the Allies’ victory came at a heavy cost. Historians estimated Wellington’s casualties c15,000 and Blücher’s at c8,000. Napoleon suffered c25,000 casualties and 9,000 Frenchmen were captured. Wellington was overwhelmed by the loss of life.
Napoleon immediately returned to Paris where he abdicated in favour of his son on 22th June. A month after the battle, Napoleon gave himself up to the British, who banished him to St Helena, a mid-Atlantic island. The Napoleonic Era was over for good.
**
Yet... yet....whilst on Elba, Napoleon knew the Bourbon government was unpopular and that he would have to save France. So why, despite solid advice to postpone the battle, did Napoleon take full command of an unnecessary battle, stating that he could easily defeat the inept British soldiers and the remote Prussian soldiers?
We can acknowledge that the French under Marshal Michel Ney eventually captured a farmhouse in the Allied area and began decimating Wellington’s troops with artillery. But why was Napoleon so preoccupied with the 30,000 Prussians attacking his flank that he did not release troops to aid Ney’s attack until later? By that time, Wellington had reorganised the British defences, and the French attack was repulsed. Fifteen minutes later, the allied army launched a general advance and the Prussians attacked in the east, throwing the French troops into chaotic retreat.
For a skilled and experienced general, Napoleon’s speedy loss didn’t make sense.