After Prince Albert died in 1861, Queen Victoria (1819-1901) was devastated. Fortunately the Queen became very close to her gillie John Brown in Balmoral, a warn friendship that lasted for decades. When Brown died in 1883, Queen Victoria was devastated for a second time. Now we can analyse the third male relationship in the queen's life that started in 1887.
But how close to real history is the film Victoria & Abdul, directed by Stephen Frears? Queen Victoria, Empress of India (Judi Dench) took her Indian responsibilities very seriously. She asked for two Indians to travel from India to share in the Queen's Golden Jubilee in 1887.
Mohammed Abdul Karim 1863–1909 (Ali Fazal), a Muslim born in British India, was selected to give the queen an Indian gift. But when the Queen wanted to employ these two Indian servants for the entire Jubilee year, Karim and Buksh had to be tutored in English and in British etiquette. After a journey by rail from Agra to Bombay then by mail steamer to Britain, the men arrived at Windsor Castle in June 1887. By Aug Karim was teaching the queen Urdu.
After Karim told the Queen that he’d been a clerical worker in India, he was promoted to the position of Munshi/teacher in Aug 1888. This was so that he would stay in Britain.
The Queen's letters noted that her discussions with the Munshi were social, philosophical and political. Undoubtedly the Queen found in Abdul Karim a connection with a distant part of the world, and a confidante who could discuss intellectual issues with her. At Scotland’s Balmoral Castle, Karim was given the room once occupied by the late John Brown.
In Nov 1888, Karim spent months back in India, in honour of his father Waziruddin. So the Queen wrote to the Viceroy of India, Lord Lansdowne, demanding action on Waziruddin's pension. Unfortunately the film didn’t mention Karim's many trips back to India and the very close bond with the father. [Note that in June 1892, Waziruddin visited Britain and stayed at both Balmoral and Windsor Castles!]
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On the other hand the film made it crystal clear that Karim's swift rise instantly angered the members of the Royal Household, who would never have socialised with Indians outside the nobility. The Queen naively expected them to welcome Karim. As did Karim.
The rapidity of Abdul’s advancement would have led to his unpopularity in any case, but racism was everywhere; it went hand in hand with a strong belief in Britain's global dominion. Because the queen found racism intolerable, her private secretary Sir Henry Ponsonby (played superbly by Tim Piggot-Smith) had to negotiate between the Queen and her courtiers after each incident.
The film clearly showed them at Balmoral in Sept 1889 when the two of them stayed overnight, in an isolated house on the estate where Victoria had been with John Brown. The film also showed the “Queen visiting Abdul twice daily, in his room taking Hindustani lessons, signing her boxes, examining his neck, smoothing his pillows.” It was almost domestic.
Clearly the ageing Queen did not trust her own son and the Royal Household to look after the Munshi after her death. So she asked the Viceroy of India, Lord Lansdowne, to grant Karim land near Agra. The Viceroy reluctantly cooperated.
In May 1892 Karim was in India on leave and returned to Britain with his wife and mother-in-law in hijabs. They were put in royal houses at Windsor, Balmoral & Osborne. And participated in Christmas presentations.
Note the connections. When Lansdowne's term ended in 1894, Lord Elgin took over. Ponsonby's son Frederick was Elgin's aide-de-camp in India, then an officer in charge of royal horses in Britain. Frederick wrote to Lord Elgin in Jan 1895 about the court's discomfort with the Indian.
In the Queen's 1895 Birthday Honours, Karim was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire, despite the political opposition. After Britain’s 1895 general election, Prime Minister Lord Rosebery and Secretary of State for India Henry Fowler were replaced by Lord Salisbury and Lord George Hamilton. Lord Hamilton suggested the Indian might become a tool in the hands of other, more dangerous men. In fact some of the resentment at court and in government occurred because of the Munshi did, or might have, taken political advantage of his position.
The advisors also feared Karim's link to Rafiuddin Ahmed, an Indian political activist/student in London who was connected to the Muslim Patriotic League. They suspected Ahmed extracted confidential information from Karim to pass to the Afghanistani Amir. As the political anxiety in Britain continued, why didn’t the film discuss these political fears?
And there was another concern. Lord Elgin was warned by Lord Ponsonby that the Queen gave his letters to the Munshi to read, and that consequently his correspondence to her should not be seen as secure. Most people agreed with the suspicions of her Household that the Munshi could have influenced the Queen's opinions on Indian issues, biasing her against Hindus, in favour of Muslims. But suspicions that he passed secrets to Rafiuddin Ahmed were later discounted.
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But how close to real history is the film Victoria & Abdul, directed by Stephen Frears? Queen Victoria, Empress of India (Judi Dench) took her Indian responsibilities very seriously. She asked for two Indians to travel from India to share in the Queen's Golden Jubilee in 1887.
Mohammed Abdul Karim 1863–1909 (Ali Fazal), a Muslim born in British India, was selected to give the queen an Indian gift. But when the Queen wanted to employ these two Indian servants for the entire Jubilee year, Karim and Buksh had to be tutored in English and in British etiquette. After a journey by rail from Agra to Bombay then by mail steamer to Britain, the men arrived at Windsor Castle in June 1887. By Aug Karim was teaching the queen Urdu.
After Karim told the Queen that he’d been a clerical worker in India, he was promoted to the position of Munshi/teacher in Aug 1888. This was so that he would stay in Britain.
The Queen's letters noted that her discussions with the Munshi were social, philosophical and political. Undoubtedly the Queen found in Abdul Karim a connection with a distant part of the world, and a confidante who could discuss intellectual issues with her. At Scotland’s Balmoral Castle, Karim was given the room once occupied by the late John Brown.
In Nov 1888, Karim spent months back in India, in honour of his father Waziruddin. So the Queen wrote to the Viceroy of India, Lord Lansdowne, demanding action on Waziruddin's pension. Unfortunately the film didn’t mention Karim's many trips back to India and the very close bond with the father. [Note that in June 1892, Waziruddin visited Britain and stayed at both Balmoral and Windsor Castles!]
Poster for the "Victoria and Abdul" film, 2017
The film clearly showed them at Balmoral in Sept 1889 when the two of them stayed overnight, in an isolated house on the estate where Victoria had been with John Brown. The film also showed the “Queen visiting Abdul twice daily, in his room taking Hindustani lessons, signing her boxes, examining his neck, smoothing his pillows.” It was almost domestic.
Clearly the ageing Queen did not trust her own son and the Royal Household to look after the Munshi after her death. So she asked the Viceroy of India, Lord Lansdowne, to grant Karim land near Agra. The Viceroy reluctantly cooperated.
In May 1892 Karim was in India on leave and returned to Britain with his wife and mother-in-law in hijabs. They were put in royal houses at Windsor, Balmoral & Osborne. And participated in Christmas presentations.
Note the connections. When Lansdowne's term ended in 1894, Lord Elgin took over. Ponsonby's son Frederick was Elgin's aide-de-camp in India, then an officer in charge of royal horses in Britain. Frederick wrote to Lord Elgin in Jan 1895 about the court's discomfort with the Indian.
In the Queen's 1895 Birthday Honours, Karim was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire, despite the political opposition. After Britain’s 1895 general election, Prime Minister Lord Rosebery and Secretary of State for India Henry Fowler were replaced by Lord Salisbury and Lord George Hamilton. Lord Hamilton suggested the Indian might become a tool in the hands of other, more dangerous men. In fact some of the resentment at court and in government occurred because of the Munshi did, or might have, taken political advantage of his position.
And there was another concern. Lord Elgin was warned by Lord Ponsonby that the Queen gave his letters to the Munshi to read, and that consequently his correspondence to her should not be seen as secure. Most people agreed with the suspicions of her Household that the Munshi could have influenced the Queen's opinions on Indian issues, biasing her against Hindus, in favour of Muslims. But suspicions that he passed secrets to Rafiuddin Ahmed were later discounted.
Karim never had any children. The Queen's Dr James Reid explained it was because Karim had VD.
Queen Victoria and Abdul preparing correspondence
in c1890s
In Mar 1897 as members of the Household prepared to depart for Cimiez in southern France for the Queen's annual visit, they insisted that Karim not accompany the royal party, and threatened to resign en masse if he did so. Dr Reid even warned the Queen that her attachment to Karim led people to question her sanity.
Even as late as 1899, members of the Household were still maintaining that Karim could not accompany the royal party when they on holiday. Nonetheless Karim asked Victoria for the title of Nawab, and to appoint him a Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire. Despite a horrified Lord Elgin, Victoria gave Karim the order in 1899.
The Munshi returned to India in Nov 1899 for a year. Lord Curzon, Elgin's replacement as Viceroy, died in June 1900. By the time Karim returned to Britain in Nov 1900 Victoria was facing death. He'd served her during the final 15 years of her reign, taking her from tired and grumpy, and gaining her maternal love.
Filmed in exquisite detail at Osborne House, this excellent film ended with the Queen’s death. The newly crowned King Edward VII (Eddie Izzard) sent the Munshi family back to India, and had almost all of Victoria and Karim’s letters burned. At last the king and all his aristocratic lovers were happy at court.
The Munshi died at Karim Lodge, on his Agra estate in 1909. He was placed in the Agra cemetery beside his father. Having no children, Munshi’s nephews inherited the estates. The family continued to reside in Agra until the partition of India in Aug 1947, after which they emigrated to Pakistan.
in c1890s
In Mar 1897 as members of the Household prepared to depart for Cimiez in southern France for the Queen's annual visit, they insisted that Karim not accompany the royal party, and threatened to resign en masse if he did so. Dr Reid even warned the Queen that her attachment to Karim led people to question her sanity.
Even as late as 1899, members of the Household were still maintaining that Karim could not accompany the royal party when they on holiday. Nonetheless Karim asked Victoria for the title of Nawab, and to appoint him a Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire. Despite a horrified Lord Elgin, Victoria gave Karim the order in 1899.
The Munshi returned to India in Nov 1899 for a year. Lord Curzon, Elgin's replacement as Viceroy, died in June 1900. By the time Karim returned to Britain in Nov 1900 Victoria was facing death. He'd served her during the final 15 years of her reign, taking her from tired and grumpy, and gaining her maternal love.
Filmed in exquisite detail at Osborne House, this excellent film ended with the Queen’s death. The newly crowned King Edward VII (Eddie Izzard) sent the Munshi family back to India, and had almost all of Victoria and Karim’s letters burned. At last the king and all his aristocratic lovers were happy at court.
The Munshi died at Karim Lodge, on his Agra estate in 1909. He was placed in the Agra cemetery beside his father. Having no children, Munshi’s nephews inherited the estates. The family continued to reside in Agra until the partition of India in Aug 1947, after which they emigrated to Pakistan.