Convict architect Francis Greenway left valuable gems of Australian Colonial architecture in Sydney that emphasised the power and authority of Australia's colonial masters. Thus his Colonial Period of architecture in Australia 1788-1840 came at the latter half of the Georgian style of building. This style was typified by symmetrical facades, windows which were arranged vertically and a scale relating well to the humans who used the building.
The roots of the colonial style were in classical Roman architecture. Verandas were added to suit the harsh summers of Australia and this made Australian Colonial Georgian a version of the original European and English styles. Early public buildings were constructed around the importance of influencing community and civic identity. There was a sentimental attachment to the idea of public space with a city square ringed by great civic buildings 'to the glory of god and humanity'.
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But Melbourne was not settled as early as Sydney ... or Tasmania's towns. The first attempt at settlement in the most southern part of the Australian continent had been made way back in 1803 by Lt David Collins but it must have been a bit rough; Collins and his men decided to move to Tasmania where the group eventually settled in Hobart in Feb 1804. It was not until the Henty brothers landed in Portland Bay in 1834, and John Batman fixed the location of Melbourne, that the Port Phillip District was officially declared a settlement in 1837.
Convicts were not allowed into Melbourne so the first ships that arrived at Port Phillip in the late 1830s were full of free immigrants. Being a young settlement, and a late starter in architectural design, Melbourne has far fewer Colonial Georgian and Regency buildings than Sydney and Hobart. Nonetheless the colony of Port Phillip District formally separated from NSW and became a state (Victoria) with its own parliament in 1851.
Victorian Regency architecture WAS built in Melbourne and a few rare examples still survive. The Anglican St James Old Cathedral is the oldest church in Melbourne and one of only three buildings in the central city which predate the 1850s Gold Rush. The church's foundation stone was laid in Nov 1839 by Charles La Trobe, Superintendent of Port Phillip District which itself was then only 4 years old. Designed by town surveyor Robert Russell, the church had restrained Georgian features in local bluestone.
In 1848 St James became Melbourne's Anglican Cathedral, until the more centrally located and elaborately designed St Paul's Cathedral was consecrated in 1891.
Designed by John Gill, the Collins St Baptist Church 1845 is the oldest Baptist church in Victoria. Unlike most Melbourne churches of the period, which were either Gothic or Romanesque, this Collins St church was in the form of a classical Greek temple, with four Corinthian columns facing lovely Collins St, one of the most important streets in the Central Business District. The steps and lamp standards enhance the building's classical grandeur. To fit in with the Baptist dislike of decoration in churches, the interior had plain plastered walls.
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Banyule Mansion 1839-46 was built in the Flemish Gothic revival style. It was built overlooking a creek, just when Heidelberg was emerging as a separate town on the northern edge of Melbourne! Also designed by the architect John Gill and built by the Englishman Joseph Hawdon, Banyule was a wonderful piece of architecture, similar in style and size to many of Sydney's early government buildings: gabled parapets, corner pinnacles, bay window and porch and chimneys. Believed to be Victoria’s oldest extant colonial mansion, the original large estate has since been broken up.
Como 1847 was a typical grand residence in Como Avenue, South Yarra. It was built for Edward E Williams, the colonial advocate who became a Supreme Court Judge in 1852. The original Como was already grand by the standards of its time, but later it was vastly enlarged. It was added to in 1855 by land speculator John Brown, a classic example of the affluence that Melbourne enjoyed in the gold rush era. He developed the house and its gardens lavishly. This beautiful estate was sold 1874 to the pastoralist Charles Armytage. Subsequent generations of the family lived in Como, until it was sold to the newly formed National Trust of Australia in the 1950s.
The roots of the colonial style were in classical Roman architecture. Verandas were added to suit the harsh summers of Australia and this made Australian Colonial Georgian a version of the original European and English styles. Early public buildings were constructed around the importance of influencing community and civic identity. There was a sentimental attachment to the idea of public space with a city square ringed by great civic buildings 'to the glory of god and humanity'.
St James Old Cathedral,
Melbourne's Central Business District
1842-7
Melbourne's Central Business District
1842-7
Collins St Baptist Church,
Melbourne's Central Business District
1845
Convicts were not allowed into Melbourne so the first ships that arrived at Port Phillip in the late 1830s were full of free immigrants. Being a young settlement, and a late starter in architectural design, Melbourne has far fewer Colonial Georgian and Regency buildings than Sydney and Hobart. Nonetheless the colony of Port Phillip District formally separated from NSW and became a state (Victoria) with its own parliament in 1851.
Victorian Regency architecture WAS built in Melbourne and a few rare examples still survive. The Anglican St James Old Cathedral is the oldest church in Melbourne and one of only three buildings in the central city which predate the 1850s Gold Rush. The church's foundation stone was laid in Nov 1839 by Charles La Trobe, Superintendent of Port Phillip District which itself was then only 4 years old. Designed by town surveyor Robert Russell, the church had restrained Georgian features in local bluestone.
One of the founders of Melbourne, John Batman, was among the subscribers who paid for the church. It was was built at the corner of Collins St and William St, opened in 1842 and completed in 1847, although the tall, octagonal, Romanesque tower came later. This is a rare Melbourne example of a Colonial Georgian style building, having simple design and pleasing proportions, with Greek detailing at the doorways. The style reflected Robert Russell’s experiences in Sydney, especially the work of contemporaries Francis Clarke and Francis Greenway.
In 1848 St James became Melbourne's Anglican Cathedral, until the more centrally located and elaborately designed St Paul's Cathedral was consecrated in 1891.
Designed by John Gill, the Collins St Baptist Church 1845 is the oldest Baptist church in Victoria. Unlike most Melbourne churches of the period, which were either Gothic or Romanesque, this Collins St church was in the form of a classical Greek temple, with four Corinthian columns facing lovely Collins St, one of the most important streets in the Central Business District. The steps and lamp standards enhance the building's classical grandeur. To fit in with the Baptist dislike of decoration in churches, the interior had plain plastered walls.
Banyule Mansion in Heidelberg
a suburb of Melbourne
completed 1846
a suburb of Melbourne
completed 1846
Como house and gardens in South Yarra
a suburb of Melbourne
Originally built 1847 and expanded at least twice more
a suburb of Melbourne
Originally built 1847 and expanded at least twice more
Banyule Mansion 1839-46 was built in the Flemish Gothic revival style. It was built overlooking a creek, just when Heidelberg was emerging as a separate town on the northern edge of Melbourne! Also designed by the architect John Gill and built by the Englishman Joseph Hawdon, Banyule was a wonderful piece of architecture, similar in style and size to many of Sydney's early government buildings: gabled parapets, corner pinnacles, bay window and porch and chimneys. Believed to be Victoria’s oldest extant colonial mansion, the original large estate has since been broken up.
Como 1847 was a typical grand residence in Como Avenue, South Yarra. It was built for Edward E Williams, the colonial advocate who became a Supreme Court Judge in 1852. The original Como was already grand by the standards of its time, but later it was vastly enlarged. It was added to in 1855 by land speculator John Brown, a classic example of the affluence that Melbourne enjoyed in the gold rush era. He developed the house and its gardens lavishly. This beautiful estate was sold 1874 to the pastoralist Charles Armytage. Subsequent generations of the family lived in Como, until it was sold to the newly formed National Trust of Australia in the 1950s.
Tens of thousands of settlers and diggers poured into Victoria following the discovery of gold in 1851. But by then, the Colonial Period of architecture in this state was largely over. What a shame gold wasn't discovered 10 years earlier - Melbourne might have been a more Georgian city.