I had never sought out fictional crime writing from Scandinavia. Instead I typically focused on crime novels coming from Britain in general, and Scotland in particular. But the emergence of Nordic Noir, in cinemas and on television, changed all that for many fans of crime fiction.
Before I examine my own cautious experience with Scandinavian crime films, let me start with Nathaniel Rich’s article about Scandinavian murder novels, Why the most peaceful people on earth write the greatest homicide thrillers. Rich concluded that Scandinavia must have been a bleak, ungodly, violent place to live. In Oslo, a serial killer tortured his victims (The Devil's Star), while in Stockholm a stalker terrorised young girls in public parks (The Man on the Balcony). In Henning Mankell novels, the small fishing village of Ystad on Sweden's southern shore suffered: torture and execution of an elderly farming couple (Faceless Killers); bodies floating off the coast in a lifeboat (The Dogs of Riga); impalement of a retired bird-watcher (The Fifth Woman); and a teenager’s self-immolation (Sidetracked).
Before I examine my own cautious experience with Scandinavian crime films, let me start with Nathaniel Rich’s article about Scandinavian murder novels, Why the most peaceful people on earth write the greatest homicide thrillers. Rich concluded that Scandinavia must have been a bleak, ungodly, violent place to live. In Oslo, a serial killer tortured his victims (The Devil's Star), while in Stockholm a stalker terrorised young girls in public parks (The Man on the Balcony). In Henning Mankell novels, the small fishing village of Ystad on Sweden's southern shore suffered: torture and execution of an elderly farming couple (Faceless Killers); bodies floating off the coast in a lifeboat (The Dogs of Riga); impalement of a retired bird-watcher (The Fifth Woman); and a teenager’s self-immolation (Sidetracked).
Fortunately there were more fictional characters murdered every year in the pages of Nordic crime novels than were real people murdered in Scandinavia itself. The Global Peace Index ranks Denmark and Norway as the most peaceful countries re homicides, with Sweden shortly behind. The Nordic countries also consistently rank as the happiest countries in the world. So why do such peace-loving societies produce best-selling authors like Henning Mankell and Stieg Larsson, authors who wallow in a relentlessly bleak view of their world?
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Rich’s ultimate explanation was simple - crime novels sell. Before 2006, the only contemporary Scandinavian novelist to enjoy major international success was the Dane Peter Høeg eg his book Smilla's Sense of Snow 1997. If Scandinavian writers wanted their novel to be read abroad, they had to have at least one murder.
The head of drama at DR (Denmark’s public broadcaster) made another point that may not seem intuitively correct. “For much of the world, Scandinavia is a far-off, exotic region experienced only through stories and photographs. From childhood, we develop a mental image of these frozen countries that blends Vikings, reindeer, saunas, super hero Thor. We’ve been selling the Scandinavian countries as the place where there is light 24 hours a day, blonde girls with blue eyes and Hans Christian Andersen – but we wanted to show the other side, the underbelly. Nordic noir shatters these illusions”.
The better question for me was: why did non-Scandinavian readers admire these writers? What distinguished them was their evocation of an almost sublime tranquillity. When a crime occurred, it was shocking to outsiders specifically because it disrupted a world that seemed utopian in its happiness and peace. Note that Mankell's corpses tended to turn up in serene, bucolic settings. A dark bloodstain in a Swedish field of pure, white snow was far creepier than a body in a rubbish-littered alley in Los Angeles.
In 2004, Stieg Larsson completed the first three novels of a planned group (just before he died). Larsson was even more adept than Mankell at heightening the contrast between contemporary Stockholm and the tawdriness of his fictional crimes. His Stockholm managed to be both cosmopolitan and charmingly quaint. Larsson’s characters used modern technology yet the main character, Mikael Blomkvist, was a hard-charging investigative journalist left over from the print age. Dirty corruption in the world of glossy magazines and clean cut Ikea!
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The editors of these crime novels loved the new direction for Scandinavian fiction. On the cover of 2016 book In the Month of the Midnight Sun by Cecilia Ekbäck, the publishers wrote “From the acclaimed author of Wolf Winter comes a second brilliantly written and gripping historical Nordic Noir thriller with all the intrigue and atmosphere of Burial Rites, the pent-up passion of The Piano and the suspense of The Tenderness of Wolves”. No noir reference was omitted.
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The first crime series on tv that I truly enjoyed in Swedish was Wallender. Adapted from Henning Mankell's Kurt Wallander novels, Krister Henriksson starred as the Swedish policeman. The stories were set in Ystad where the murders were still grisly and sadistic, but the tv programme wasn’t as ugly as Larsson’s films had been.
Wallander soon became a British television series, also adapted from Swedish Henning Mankell's novels. But the British version starred the British actor Kenneth Branagh as the Swedish policeman based in Ystad. I did not think having an entirely English-speaking cast would work since the series was full of Swedish architecture, police cars and uniforms, food, weather and landscapes. But it did.
The most recent tv murder mystery series I loved was the BBC production called Shetland (2011), written by Anne Cleeves. I included it in a discussion of Scandinavian Noir because these Scottish islands had been colonised by the Norwegians for hundreds of years, the landscapes and brooding skies looked Scandinavian and the characters under-acted as they did in The Bridge. Douglas Henshall was wonderful as the lonely, isolated Detective Inspector Jimmy Perez, as was Alison O'Donnell as Detective Sergeant Alison Tosh MacIntosh.
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The Finnish series Tellus (2015) debuted successfully at home and was immediately exported abroad. With a classic Nordic-Noir feel, the series revolved around a group of young activists who executed a series of eco-motivated sabotages over the past four years. Their first mistake accidentally killed someone and the group needed to make a decision: to stop or become more effective by doing selective murders. The police did not have a single lead.
The Swedish-speaking version of Wallender
starring Krister Henriksson (left)
Rich’s ultimate explanation was simple - crime novels sell. Before 2006, the only contemporary Scandinavian novelist to enjoy major international success was the Dane Peter Høeg eg his book Smilla's Sense of Snow 1997. If Scandinavian writers wanted their novel to be read abroad, they had to have at least one murder.
The head of drama at DR (Denmark’s public broadcaster) made another point that may not seem intuitively correct. “For much of the world, Scandinavia is a far-off, exotic region experienced only through stories and photographs. From childhood, we develop a mental image of these frozen countries that blends Vikings, reindeer, saunas, super hero Thor. We’ve been selling the Scandinavian countries as the place where there is light 24 hours a day, blonde girls with blue eyes and Hans Christian Andersen – but we wanted to show the other side, the underbelly. Nordic noir shatters these illusions”.
The better question for me was: why did non-Scandinavian readers admire these writers? What distinguished them was their evocation of an almost sublime tranquillity. When a crime occurred, it was shocking to outsiders specifically because it disrupted a world that seemed utopian in its happiness and peace. Note that Mankell's corpses tended to turn up in serene, bucolic settings. A dark bloodstain in a Swedish field of pure, white snow was far creepier than a body in a rubbish-littered alley in Los Angeles.
In 2004, Stieg Larsson completed the first three novels of a planned group (just before he died). Larsson was even more adept than Mankell at heightening the contrast between contemporary Stockholm and the tawdriness of his fictional crimes. His Stockholm managed to be both cosmopolitan and charmingly quaint. Larsson’s characters used modern technology yet the main character, Mikael Blomkvist, was a hard-charging investigative journalist left over from the print age. Dirty corruption in the world of glossy magazines and clean cut Ikea!
The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo 2011,
the film based on Stieg Larsson's book of the same name.
the film based on Stieg Larsson's book of the same name.
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The first films in this genre that I saw were Stieg Larsson’s group of crime novels, later made into full length feature films: The Girl Who Played with Fire (2009), The Girl Who Kicked the Hornet's Nest (2010) and The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011).
The film The Girl Who Played with Fire followed Lisbeth Salander, a brilliant but damaged surveillance agent, as she returned to Sweden from abroad. She may have murdered a journalist and his girlfriend, as well as her own legal guardian, Nils Bjurman. Magazine publisher Mikael Blomkvist had to find her, before the authorities did. In Granada, Salander used her connections among the hackers' network to investigate a corrupt and brutal American, Dr Forbes. Salander saw Dr Forbes on the beach with his wife and realised that the American was going to kill his wife for her inheritance. Salander attacked Forbes and left him to die in a vicious hurricane. As the murders continued, I spent half of this film hiding under the cinema seat.
The plot of The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo will clarify how very dark Larsson’s books were. In Dec 2002 the publisher Mikael Blomkvist lost a libel case involving allegations he published about a billionaire financier. He was sentenced to gaol and a hefty fine. Lisbeth Salander was hired by the patriarch of the wealthy Vanger family, to investigate Blomkvist. Vanger then hired Blomkvist to investigate the disappearance and possible murder of his niece back in 1966.
Salander, who was ruled mentally incompetent as a child, was given a new legal guardian, Nils Bjurman. Bjurman was a sexual sadist who beat and raped his charge. Having used a hidden camera to record Bjurman raping her, Salander returned to take her revenge, torturing Bjurman. While watching this film, I spent most of the time hiding under the cinema seat :( It was too brutal to watch.
The film The Girl Who Played with Fire followed Lisbeth Salander, a brilliant but damaged surveillance agent, as she returned to Sweden from abroad. She may have murdered a journalist and his girlfriend, as well as her own legal guardian, Nils Bjurman. Magazine publisher Mikael Blomkvist had to find her, before the authorities did. In Granada, Salander used her connections among the hackers' network to investigate a corrupt and brutal American, Dr Forbes. Salander saw Dr Forbes on the beach with his wife and realised that the American was going to kill his wife for her inheritance. Salander attacked Forbes and left him to die in a vicious hurricane. As the murders continued, I spent half of this film hiding under the cinema seat.
The plot of The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo will clarify how very dark Larsson’s books were. In Dec 2002 the publisher Mikael Blomkvist lost a libel case involving allegations he published about a billionaire financier. He was sentenced to gaol and a hefty fine. Lisbeth Salander was hired by the patriarch of the wealthy Vanger family, to investigate Blomkvist. Vanger then hired Blomkvist to investigate the disappearance and possible murder of his niece back in 1966.
Salander, who was ruled mentally incompetent as a child, was given a new legal guardian, Nils Bjurman. Bjurman was a sexual sadist who beat and raped his charge. Having used a hidden camera to record Bjurman raping her, Salander returned to take her revenge, torturing Bjurman. While watching this film, I spent most of the time hiding under the cinema seat :( It was too brutal to watch.
The Bridge
Bodies were found on the bridge linking Sweden and Denmark
The Bridge (2011) was a crime television series created as a joint Swedish-Danish production, moving largely between Malmö and Copenhagen. The three series of the show starred Sofia Helin as the Swedish police detective Saga Norén, and her Danish equivalent Martin Rohde (Kim Bodnia). Part of the darkness in this programme came from Saga’s Aspergers. She lived alone, picked up sex partners in bars, couldn't empathise with others and appeared cold and blunt. Dead bodies were found on the bridge, in the water and in boats, the results of suicides, murders and terrorism.
Wallander soon became a British television series, also adapted from Swedish Henning Mankell's novels. But the British version starred the British actor Kenneth Branagh as the Swedish policeman based in Ystad. I did not think having an entirely English-speaking cast would work since the series was full of Swedish architecture, police cars and uniforms, food, weather and landscapes. But it did.
The most recent tv murder mystery series I loved was the BBC production called Shetland (2011), written by Anne Cleeves. I included it in a discussion of Scandinavian Noir because these Scottish islands had been colonised by the Norwegians for hundreds of years, the landscapes and brooding skies looked Scandinavian and the characters under-acted as they did in The Bridge. Douglas Henshall was wonderful as the lonely, isolated Detective Inspector Jimmy Perez, as was Alison O'Donnell as Detective Sergeant Alison Tosh MacIntosh.
Shetland
Detective Inspector Jimmy Perez and Detective Sergeant Alison MacIntosh
The Finnish series Tellus (2015) debuted successfully at home and was immediately exported abroad. With a classic Nordic-Noir feel, the series revolved around a group of young activists who executed a series of eco-motivated sabotages over the past four years. Their first mistake accidentally killed someone and the group needed to make a decision: to stop or become more effective by doing selective murders. The police did not have a single lead.