How would the booming city of London house the turn-of-the-century New Woman? Comfortable ladies' residential chambers such as Sloane Gardens House (built in 1888) and York Street Chambers (built in 1892) were beyond the pocket of many working women. A few committed organisations such as the Homes for Working Girls and the Girls' Friendly Society provided less expensive options, but these tended to be unattractive.
Hostels built specifically for low-waged single working women only emerged from 1900. Women slept in small individual cubicles and shared dining rooms and sitting rooms that helped to foster a community spirit. Some hostels also featured sewing rooms, libraries, photographic rooms and bicycle stores, an important provision for the New Woman.
In 1910, there were c60 lodging houses for lower-middle and middle class working women in London. By 1925 there were c170. Many of these were in converted buildings but some were in purpose-built and architect-designed facilities.
Hampstead Garden Suburb became a model of housing developments that went back to the late C19th. By then urban planner Ebenezer Howard 1850–1928 had formulated his vision for a community that would be free from industrial ugliness, located in fresh countryside, yet enjoying the benefits of urban living. This utopian ideal had already been realised in Letchworth Garden City, shaped by the planner and architect Raymond Unwin.
Meanwhile, working in the slums of London's East End, Canon Samuel Barnett and his wife Henrietta had similar ideas. They imagined a Utopian community based on the neighbourliness of an English village. In 1896 the Northern Line of the London Underground was about to be built, with a station at Golders Green. The Barnetts foresaw that the Underground would bring bricks and mortar in its wake, ruining what was then still farmland north of Hampstead Heath. Henrietta set about preserving a northward extension of the Heath as a "garden suburb for all classes". If north Hampstead had to be developed, she would see it was developed properly.
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Waterlow Court, courtyard and cloisters
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Waterlow Court, a resident in her lounge room
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Waterlow Court, front entrance from the road
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Henrietta Barnett had two priorities. She wanted to save 80 acres of land from the "rows of ugly villas that disfigure most of the suburbs of London". She required that a] the cottages and houses should be limited on an average to 8 per acre; b] roads should be 40’ wide; c] fronts of the houses should be at least 50’ apart, gardens occupying the space between; d] plot divisions should not be walls but hedges or trellises; e] every road should be lined with trees and f] it was to be surrounded by fields.
Secondly Waterlow Court in Hampstead Garden Suburb was to provide a co-operative housing enclave for single, working women. This new court was established by a housing company and designed by famous English architect M. H. Baillie-Scott (1865-1945) in 1904. In this brave new world of independent, working women, Baillie-Scott combined Queen Anne architecture with the Arts and Crafts Movement as a statement of high ideals.
In May 1907, the first sod was turned on the estate. Mrs Barnett's appearance on the podium was warmly welcomed, her speech underlining the Christian context of her mission. Within a couple of years, the court’s grounds of cloistered flats opened (in 1909) as a project of the Improved Industrial Dwellings Co whose chairman was Lord Sydney Waterlow.
For women who weren't able to afford servants, the shared facilities allowed them to share the cost of living and to enjoy companionship. The original communal dining area was in the gabled block to the rear of the courtyard. The windows were mullioned, leaded casements. The original fittings, door and window furniture were made by J Pyghtle White of Bedford for Ambrose Heal of London. Many thanks to Historic England for the architectural details.
Waterlow's lych-gate (roofed gateway) opened to a timber-framed and covered walkway which in turn led to the courtyard. The low tiled roofs featured timber cupola and high brick chimney stacks. Note the round-arched arcades which created a cloister effect around the central courtyard; they served as a walkway to ground-floor flats and gave access to the C18th style stair cases. The cloisters allowed covered access from all the flats to the dining and other communal rooms.
Hostels built specifically for low-waged single working women only emerged from 1900. Women slept in small individual cubicles and shared dining rooms and sitting rooms that helped to foster a community spirit. Some hostels also featured sewing rooms, libraries, photographic rooms and bicycle stores, an important provision for the New Woman.
In 1910, there were c60 lodging houses for lower-middle and middle class working women in London. By 1925 there were c170. Many of these were in converted buildings but some were in purpose-built and architect-designed facilities.
Hampstead Garden Suburb became a model of housing developments that went back to the late C19th. By then urban planner Ebenezer Howard 1850–1928 had formulated his vision for a community that would be free from industrial ugliness, located in fresh countryside, yet enjoying the benefits of urban living. This utopian ideal had already been realised in Letchworth Garden City, shaped by the planner and architect Raymond Unwin.
Meanwhile, working in the slums of London's East End, Canon Samuel Barnett and his wife Henrietta had similar ideas. They imagined a Utopian community based on the neighbourliness of an English village. In 1896 the Northern Line of the London Underground was about to be built, with a station at Golders Green. The Barnetts foresaw that the Underground would bring bricks and mortar in its wake, ruining what was then still farmland north of Hampstead Heath. Henrietta set about preserving a northward extension of the Heath as a "garden suburb for all classes". If north Hampstead had to be developed, she would see it was developed properly.
memorial to Dame Henrietta Barnett
next to the Central Town Square gardens
In May 1907, the first sod was turned on the estate. Mrs Barnett's appearance on the podium was warmly welcomed, her speech underlining the Christian context of her mission. Within a couple of years, the court’s grounds of cloistered flats opened (in 1909) as a project of the Improved Industrial Dwellings Co whose chairman was Lord Sydney Waterlow.
For women who weren't able to afford servants, the shared facilities allowed them to share the cost of living and to enjoy companionship. The original communal dining area was in the gabled block to the rear of the courtyard. The windows were mullioned, leaded casements. The original fittings, door and window furniture were made by J Pyghtle White of Bedford for Ambrose Heal of London. Many thanks to Historic England for the architectural details.
Waterlow's lych-gate (roofed gateway) opened to a timber-framed and covered walkway which in turn led to the courtyard. The low tiled roofs featured timber cupola and high brick chimney stacks. Note the round-arched arcades which created a cloister effect around the central courtyard; they served as a walkway to ground-floor flats and gave access to the C18th style stair cases. The cloisters allowed covered access from all the flats to the dining and other communal rooms.
At the time it was opened, Waterlow Court comprised 50 individual flats of 3-5 rooms, with a communal dining room and small common room, house keeper's and servants' accommodation and a kitchen where communal meals were prepared. Porter's accommodation was either side of the main entrance.
Edwin Lutyens already had a strong association with Hampstead by the time Mrs Barnett needed a consultant in early 1909. He focused on the Central Town Square, designed in the shape of two churches (one Church of England and one church for all the other denominations). This was where the suburb’s key public facilities were built.
Around the buildings were five landscaped areas with lawns, beds, a wild garden with 35 fruit trees and an inter-war pre-cast shelter. From the entrance gate a covered way led to the housing, either side of which were lawns with shrub borders and elegant trees. The central courtyard had a square lawn surrounded by paved paths along which were benches backed by flower borders to the cloisters. Surrounding the housing were more lawns, originally including one or two croquet lawns here.
As elsewhere in Hampstead Garden Suburb, hedges with arches were an important feature and most of those at Waterlow Court have been restored in recent years. The garden area at the back was probably used for growing food, particularly during WW2. The large number of fruit trees symbolised Dame Henrietta Barnet's ambition for every house in Hampstead Garden Suburb to have its own fruit tree. Many thanks to London Gardens Online for their detailed garden information.
The original communal rooms were later converted to flats and the complex now has 54 flats in all. The layout remains similar today to Baillie Scott's original plan; and it is likely that the planting scheme is still inspired by Gertrude Jekyll. In fact today Hampstead Garden Suburb remains a beautiful suburb.
For those who would like to examine other listed working women's lodging houses from the 1900-1925 era, I recommend the article called Buildings That Celebrate Working Women.
Edwin Lutyens already had a strong association with Hampstead by the time Mrs Barnett needed a consultant in early 1909. He focused on the Central Town Square, designed in the shape of two churches (one Church of England and one church for all the other denominations). This was where the suburb’s key public facilities were built.
Around the buildings were five landscaped areas with lawns, beds, a wild garden with 35 fruit trees and an inter-war pre-cast shelter. From the entrance gate a covered way led to the housing, either side of which were lawns with shrub borders and elegant trees. The central courtyard had a square lawn surrounded by paved paths along which were benches backed by flower borders to the cloisters. Surrounding the housing were more lawns, originally including one or two croquet lawns here.
As elsewhere in Hampstead Garden Suburb, hedges with arches were an important feature and most of those at Waterlow Court have been restored in recent years. The garden area at the back was probably used for growing food, particularly during WW2. The large number of fruit trees symbolised Dame Henrietta Barnet's ambition for every house in Hampstead Garden Suburb to have its own fruit tree. Many thanks to London Gardens Online for their detailed garden information.
The original communal rooms were later converted to flats and the complex now has 54 flats in all. The layout remains similar today to Baillie Scott's original plan; and it is likely that the planting scheme is still inspired by Gertrude Jekyll. In fact today Hampstead Garden Suburb remains a beautiful suburb.
For those who would like to examine other listed working women's lodging houses from the 1900-1925 era, I recommend the article called Buildings That Celebrate Working Women.