Eliezer Wiesel (1928-2016) was born in the small town of Sighet in northern Transylvania, and area long claimed by both Hungary and Romania. In the 20th century, it changed hands repeatedly, an experience my own parents-in-law endured in the Carpathian Mountains.
Elie Wiesel grew up in the town's close-knit Jewish community. While the family spoke Yiddish at home, they read newspapers and ran their small business in German, Hungarian, Romanian, Ukrainian and Russian. Elie began religious studies early, influenced by his mother’s Hassidic sect of Judaism. His father encouraged the boy to study the modern Hebrew language and concentrate on his secular studies. The first years of WW2 left Sighet mostly unscathed. Although the village changed hands from Romania to Hungary, the Wiesel family believed they were safe. Wrong!
When the Nazis in Sighet in 1944, the Jewish citizens were deported en masse to concentration camps in Poland. The 15-year-old boy was separated from his mother and younger sister immediately on arrival in Auschwitz. Mother and sister died, but Elie managed to remain with his father for the next year, despite being half starved and worked almost to death. In the last months of the war, Elie and his father were transferred to other Nazi camps and force marched to Buchenwald where his father died was beaten to death, shortly before the camp was liberated. Elie was freed from Buchenwald in 1945. Of his large extended family, only he and his 2 older sisters survived.
After the war, the teenage Wiesel found asylum in France. There he mastered the French language and studied philosophy at the Sorbonne, while supporting himself as a choir master and Hebrew teacher. He became a professional journalist, writing for newspapers in both France and Israel.
In 1955, encouraged by the Catholic writer Francois Mauriac, he set down his memories in Yiddish, in a 900-page work called And the World Kept Silent. The book was first published in Buenos Aires. Alas it took several years before he was able to find a publisher for the French or English versions of the work, and even then unsuccessfully.
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Elie and Marion Wiesel
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Wiesel's memoir Night was first published in 1956
and translated into English in 1960.
How ironic that after a lifetime of opposing oppressors, Wiesel was attacked in a San Francisco hotel by a young Holocaust denier Eric Hunt in February 2007. Nonetheless Wiesel remained productive and did not die until this week, at home in Manhattan.
I am well aware that not all readers appreciated Elie Wiesel's absorption in Holocaust remembrance. On two grounds. Firstly consider his statements "to remain silent and indifferent is the greatest sin of all” and “We must always take sides. Neutrality helps the oppressor, never the victim. Silence encourages the tormentor, never the tormented”. His opponents' argument was not that Wiesel over-stated the catastrophe of the Holocaust, but that he under-stated the catastrophe of other genocides. This seems incorrect to me.
Secondly Wiesel suggested that the Holocaust and Israel have replaced God and religious law as the touchstones of Jewish experience and identity. Under Wiesel, the Holocaust has become the Jewish deity. Corey Robin, for example, suggested that Wiesel’s sacramentalising of the Holocaust seems an unconscious borrowing of Christian theology. That one tragic event should be viewed as standing above history, and its uniqueness defended and proclaimed, is a different argument.
I am pleased that Lebanese-American writer Kahlil Gibran also wrote “The human heart cries out for help; the human soul implores us for deliverance; but we do not heed their cries, for we neither hear nor understand. But the man who hears and understands we call mad, and flee from him.” In his books, Elie Wiesel was simply repeating Kahlil Gibran's goals i.e attempting to hear and understand, and to diminish the suffering. To my in-laws, Wiesel made the task of surviving the Holocaust a meaningful one.
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Map of Romania
Surrounded by Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the NW, Serbia to the SW, Bulgaria to the south and Moldova to the east. Press to see Sighet and Satmar, on the borders with Ukraine and Hungary respectively
Elie Wiesel grew up in the town's close-knit Jewish community. While the family spoke Yiddish at home, they read newspapers and ran their small business in German, Hungarian, Romanian, Ukrainian and Russian. Elie began religious studies early, influenced by his mother’s Hassidic sect of Judaism. His father encouraged the boy to study the modern Hebrew language and concentrate on his secular studies. The first years of WW2 left Sighet mostly unscathed. Although the village changed hands from Romania to Hungary, the Wiesel family believed they were safe. Wrong!
When the Nazis in Sighet in 1944, the Jewish citizens were deported en masse to concentration camps in Poland. The 15-year-old boy was separated from his mother and younger sister immediately on arrival in Auschwitz. Mother and sister died, but Elie managed to remain with his father for the next year, despite being half starved and worked almost to death. In the last months of the war, Elie and his father were transferred to other Nazi camps and force marched to Buchenwald where his father died was beaten to death, shortly before the camp was liberated. Elie was freed from Buchenwald in 1945. Of his large extended family, only he and his 2 older sisters survived.
After the war, the teenage Wiesel found asylum in France. There he mastered the French language and studied philosophy at the Sorbonne, while supporting himself as a choir master and Hebrew teacher. He became a professional journalist, writing for newspapers in both France and Israel.
In 1955, encouraged by the Catholic writer Francois Mauriac, he set down his memories in Yiddish, in a 900-page work called And the World Kept Silent. The book was first published in Buenos Aires. Alas it took several years before he was able to find a publisher for the French or English versions of the work, and even then unsuccessfully.
New York
In 1956, while he was in New York reporting on the United Nations, Elie Wiesel applied successfully for American citizenship. He remained in New York and became a feature writer for the Yiddish-language newspaper, The Jewish Daily Forward. And he continued to write books in French, including two semi-autobiographical novels. In one novel La Ville de la Chance/The Town Beyond the Wall, Wiesel imagined a return to his home town, a journey he did not actually do until after the book was published. He met Marion Rose, an Austrian Holocaust survivor, in New York, and they married in Jerusalem.
His books brought Wiesel to the attention of readers and critics, translations of Night found an audience at last, and Wiesel became an unofficial spokesman for the survivors of the Holocaust. But then he moved forward, writing about the Jews of the Soviet Union (1965) and the Six Day War between Israel and its Arab neighbours (1968). In time, Wiesel spread his concern for all oppressed peoples and victims of genocide, from South Africa and Vietnam, to Biafra and Bangladesh.
As an American academic, Elie Wiesel blossomed. In 1976 he was named Andrew Mellon Professor of Humanities at Boston University, and became a visiting scholar at City University of New York and at Yale. In 1986 Wiesel was awarded the greatest honour of all, the Nobel Prize for Peace.
His plays, novels, essays and short stories have been collected in the volumes Legends of Our Time, One Generation After, and A Jew Today. The English translation of his memoirs was published in 1995 as All Rivers Run to the Sea. A second volume of memoirs, And the Sea Is Never Full, appeared in 2000. His later novels included A Mad Desire to Dance (2009) and The Sonderberg Case (2010), a tale set in contemporary New York City, with a cast of characters including Holocaust survivors, Germans, American emigrants to Israel and New York literati. Elie Wiesel wrote his books in French; his wife Marion, who was fluent in five languages herself, often collaborated with him on the translations.
In 1956, while he was in New York reporting on the United Nations, Elie Wiesel applied successfully for American citizenship. He remained in New York and became a feature writer for the Yiddish-language newspaper, The Jewish Daily Forward. And he continued to write books in French, including two semi-autobiographical novels. In one novel La Ville de la Chance/The Town Beyond the Wall, Wiesel imagined a return to his home town, a journey he did not actually do until after the book was published. He met Marion Rose, an Austrian Holocaust survivor, in New York, and they married in Jerusalem.
His books brought Wiesel to the attention of readers and critics, translations of Night found an audience at last, and Wiesel became an unofficial spokesman for the survivors of the Holocaust. But then he moved forward, writing about the Jews of the Soviet Union (1965) and the Six Day War between Israel and its Arab neighbours (1968). In time, Wiesel spread his concern for all oppressed peoples and victims of genocide, from South Africa and Vietnam, to Biafra and Bangladesh.
As an American academic, Elie Wiesel blossomed. In 1976 he was named Andrew Mellon Professor of Humanities at Boston University, and became a visiting scholar at City University of New York and at Yale. In 1986 Wiesel was awarded the greatest honour of all, the Nobel Prize for Peace.
His plays, novels, essays and short stories have been collected in the volumes Legends of Our Time, One Generation After, and A Jew Today. The English translation of his memoirs was published in 1995 as All Rivers Run to the Sea. A second volume of memoirs, And the Sea Is Never Full, appeared in 2000. His later novels included A Mad Desire to Dance (2009) and The Sonderberg Case (2010), a tale set in contemporary New York City, with a cast of characters including Holocaust survivors, Germans, American emigrants to Israel and New York literati. Elie Wiesel wrote his books in French; his wife Marion, who was fluent in five languages herself, often collaborated with him on the translations.
and translated into English in 1960.
How ironic that after a lifetime of opposing oppressors, Wiesel was attacked in a San Francisco hotel by a young Holocaust denier Eric Hunt in February 2007. Nonetheless Wiesel remained productive and did not die until this week, at home in Manhattan.
I am well aware that not all readers appreciated Elie Wiesel's absorption in Holocaust remembrance. On two grounds. Firstly consider his statements "to remain silent and indifferent is the greatest sin of all” and “We must always take sides. Neutrality helps the oppressor, never the victim. Silence encourages the tormentor, never the tormented”. His opponents' argument was not that Wiesel over-stated the catastrophe of the Holocaust, but that he under-stated the catastrophe of other genocides. This seems incorrect to me.
Secondly Wiesel suggested that the Holocaust and Israel have replaced God and religious law as the touchstones of Jewish experience and identity. Under Wiesel, the Holocaust has become the Jewish deity. Corey Robin, for example, suggested that Wiesel’s sacramentalising of the Holocaust seems an unconscious borrowing of Christian theology. That one tragic event should be viewed as standing above history, and its uniqueness defended and proclaimed, is a different argument.
I am pleased that Lebanese-American writer Kahlil Gibran also wrote “The human heart cries out for help; the human soul implores us for deliverance; but we do not heed their cries, for we neither hear nor understand. But the man who hears and understands we call mad, and flee from him.” In his books, Elie Wiesel was simply repeating Kahlil Gibran's goals i.e attempting to hear and understand, and to diminish the suffering. To my in-laws, Wiesel made the task of surviving the Holocaust a meaningful one.
Map of Romania
Surrounded by Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the NW, Serbia to the SW, Bulgaria to the south and Moldova to the east. Press to see Sighet and Satmar, on the borders with Ukraine and Hungary respectively