My total knowledge of the Scopes Trial of July 1925 comes from the film Inherit the Wind (1960) starring Spencer Tracy. It was not until later in the 1960s that the Scopes Trial began to be mentioned in the history textbooks of American students and not at all, as far as I remember, in other nations’ history books. So I was interested to read an article called “The Monkey Trial”, written by Roger Hudson and published in History Today, July 2015.
Once the background to the trial was examined, it emerged things were not quite what they seemed. Tennessee had indeed recently passed an act making it illegal to teach evolution in state schools, but the governor had signed it merely to get the rural vote and did not think it would be enforced. The primary motive of those pressing for the trial was apparently to attract publicity to Dayton. The textbook from which Scopes was required to teach, Civic Biology, did cover evolution and did endorse it, though Scopes later said he was not even sure he had taught it to his class.
However encouraged by the American Civil Liberties Union, Scopes was prepared to go on trial and even urged his pupils to testify against him. The prosecution had the backing of the World Christian Fundamentals Association. Clarence Darrow, who led for the defence at the prompting of Mencken without charging a fee, had become famous across America the previous year when he defended two Chicago teenagers, Leopold and Loeb, after they had kidnapped and murdered a young neighbour.
The judge ruled that Clarence Darrow's expert biblical witnesses were irrelevant! So Darrow sprang a surprise by calling William Bryan himself as a witness and then attacking his literal interpretation of the Old Testament and ignorance of other religions. Bryan's answers to Darrow's questions showed plainly that he was not the full-blown fundamentalist his team took him to be.
John Scopes himself never testified because it was never an issue that he had taught evolution. He was found guilty, fined $100 and then let off on a technicality, frustrating the Civil Liberties Union which had hoped to see the case ending up in the Supreme Court.
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Scopes Found Guilty
July 1925
Which newspaper?
Fundamentalist anti-evolution rumbled on, though William Bryan was not there to lead it: he died 5 days after the trial. It found a rival in the so-called Creation Science movement, which based itself on pseudo-science rather than religion. Then in the 1950s Soviet Russia's successful Sputnik satellites set off a scare that the US was falling behind in scientific studies. The National Defence Education Act was passed and new textbooks were published by the American Institute of Biological Sciences, which stressed the importance of evolution. Tennessee's act was eventually repealed in 1967, after the Supreme Court ruled that it violated the Constitution's prohibition of the establishment of religion.
**
Even acknowledging that 1925 Dayton Tennessee was a very different place and time, I can still understand why the trial was seen as a legitimate battle between the Fundamentalists and the Modernists within Tennessee’s education system. The Fundamentalists accepted the word of God, as revealed in the Christian Bible, as the absolute truth. This truth would take priority within Christians’ homes and churches of course, but also within public schools and universities. The Modernists believed that religion was a private concern for families and not a state-controlled belief system. Thus private religious revelations had nothing to do with any evolutionary theories that were taught in science classes.
Look at the date when State Representative John W. Butler, head of the World Christian Fundamentals Association, lobbied Tennessee’s legislatures to pass anti-evolution laws for state schools. Success came when the Butler Act (prohibiting the teaching of the Evolution Theory) was passed in Tennessee in March 1925! So I do not understand why Hudson believed the Tennessee governor Austin Peay signed the law ONLY to gain support among rural legislators. Governor Peay, Hudson noted, did not believe the law would be enforced, nor did he believe the new law would interfere with Tennessee’s public school education programme. Who passes a new law with the specific expectation that the new law will not be enforced??
Since the Scopes Trial took place in July 1925, only four months after the Butler Act was passed into law, we have to assume that the Tennessee governor and his men were actively waiting for the first opportunity to enforce the new law in court.
But I also note that the engineer-manager of the Cumberland Coal and Iron Company, George Washington Rappleyea, convinced a group of Dayton businessmen to sponsor a test case of the Butler Act. And that the American Civil Liberties Union offered to defend anyone accused of teaching the theory of evolution in a state school. Thus it is possible that Rappleyea and the American Civil Liberties Union were also waiting for the first opportunity to challenge the offensive law in what they hoped would be a famous trial. In either case, poor John Scopes seemed like a bit of a pawn.
Since the jury found that John Scopes was guilty in 1925, and since the Butler Act was not repealed by the Tennessee legislature until 1967, was the young teacher ever allowed to work in his profession again? Apparently not - he chose to work as a geologist for the rest of his career.
Evolution and religion went head-to-head in a landmark case of 1925. In the stifling heat of a Bible Belt July, a court was sitting in Dayton, Tennessee to put on trial a young supply teacher called John Thomas Scopes (1900-1970), accused of teaching evolution in a local high school.
Religion seemed pitted here in a straight fight against science, the Bible v Darwin, and it turned into one of the first modern media circuses. 200 journalists came to cover the story, filing over 165,000 words a day, dispatched to their papers by telegraph. It was the first trial to be broadcast on national radio in the USA and film footage of it was also regularly being flown out.
William Jennings Bryan, thrice a presidential candidate, a fervent Presbyterian and leader of the prosecution side, condemned evolution. He said it taught that humans were merely one of 35,000 types of mammal, descended not even from American monkeys but from old world ones. America's most famous journalist, HL Mencken, christened this the Monkey Trial.
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George Washington Rappleyea and John Scopes
Religion seemed pitted here in a straight fight against science, the Bible v Darwin, and it turned into one of the first modern media circuses. 200 journalists came to cover the story, filing over 165,000 words a day, dispatched to their papers by telegraph. It was the first trial to be broadcast on national radio in the USA and film footage of it was also regularly being flown out.
William Jennings Bryan, thrice a presidential candidate, a fervent Presbyterian and leader of the prosecution side, condemned evolution. He said it taught that humans were merely one of 35,000 types of mammal, descended not even from American monkeys but from old world ones. America's most famous journalist, HL Mencken, christened this the Monkey Trial.
June 1925
photo credit: Smithsonian Institution Archives
Once the background to the trial was examined, it emerged things were not quite what they seemed. Tennessee had indeed recently passed an act making it illegal to teach evolution in state schools, but the governor had signed it merely to get the rural vote and did not think it would be enforced. The primary motive of those pressing for the trial was apparently to attract publicity to Dayton. The textbook from which Scopes was required to teach, Civic Biology, did cover evolution and did endorse it, though Scopes later said he was not even sure he had taught it to his class.
However encouraged by the American Civil Liberties Union, Scopes was prepared to go on trial and even urged his pupils to testify against him. The prosecution had the backing of the World Christian Fundamentals Association. Clarence Darrow, who led for the defence at the prompting of Mencken without charging a fee, had become famous across America the previous year when he defended two Chicago teenagers, Leopold and Loeb, after they had kidnapped and murdered a young neighbour.
The judge ruled that Clarence Darrow's expert biblical witnesses were irrelevant! So Darrow sprang a surprise by calling William Bryan himself as a witness and then attacking his literal interpretation of the Old Testament and ignorance of other religions. Bryan's answers to Darrow's questions showed plainly that he was not the full-blown fundamentalist his team took him to be.
John Scopes himself never testified because it was never an issue that he had taught evolution. He was found guilty, fined $100 and then let off on a technicality, frustrating the Civil Liberties Union which had hoped to see the case ending up in the Supreme Court.
July 1925
Which newspaper?
Fundamentalist anti-evolution rumbled on, though William Bryan was not there to lead it: he died 5 days after the trial. It found a rival in the so-called Creation Science movement, which based itself on pseudo-science rather than religion. Then in the 1950s Soviet Russia's successful Sputnik satellites set off a scare that the US was falling behind in scientific studies. The National Defence Education Act was passed and new textbooks were published by the American Institute of Biological Sciences, which stressed the importance of evolution. Tennessee's act was eventually repealed in 1967, after the Supreme Court ruled that it violated the Constitution's prohibition of the establishment of religion.
**
Even acknowledging that 1925 Dayton Tennessee was a very different place and time, I can still understand why the trial was seen as a legitimate battle between the Fundamentalists and the Modernists within Tennessee’s education system. The Fundamentalists accepted the word of God, as revealed in the Christian Bible, as the absolute truth. This truth would take priority within Christians’ homes and churches of course, but also within public schools and universities. The Modernists believed that religion was a private concern for families and not a state-controlled belief system. Thus private religious revelations had nothing to do with any evolutionary theories that were taught in science classes.
Look at the date when State Representative John W. Butler, head of the World Christian Fundamentals Association, lobbied Tennessee’s legislatures to pass anti-evolution laws for state schools. Success came when the Butler Act (prohibiting the teaching of the Evolution Theory) was passed in Tennessee in March 1925! So I do not understand why Hudson believed the Tennessee governor Austin Peay signed the law ONLY to gain support among rural legislators. Governor Peay, Hudson noted, did not believe the law would be enforced, nor did he believe the new law would interfere with Tennessee’s public school education programme. Who passes a new law with the specific expectation that the new law will not be enforced??
Since the Scopes Trial took place in July 1925, only four months after the Butler Act was passed into law, we have to assume that the Tennessee governor and his men were actively waiting for the first opportunity to enforce the new law in court.
But I also note that the engineer-manager of the Cumberland Coal and Iron Company, George Washington Rappleyea, convinced a group of Dayton businessmen to sponsor a test case of the Butler Act. And that the American Civil Liberties Union offered to defend anyone accused of teaching the theory of evolution in a state school. Thus it is possible that Rappleyea and the American Civil Liberties Union were also waiting for the first opportunity to challenge the offensive law in what they hoped would be a famous trial. In either case, poor John Scopes seemed like a bit of a pawn.
Since the jury found that John Scopes was guilty in 1925, and since the Butler Act was not repealed by the Tennessee legislature until 1967, was the young teacher ever allowed to work in his profession again? Apparently not - he chose to work as a geologist for the rest of his career.