Russian Empress Catherine the Great reigned from 1762-1796, a period of cultural renaissance for Russia. She was regarded as the nation’s foremost patron of the arts, literature and education and founded The Hermitage Museum in St Petersburg. It is now one of the most visited museums in the world and is renowned for holding the world’s finest collection of the arts.
Works from the Hermitage, gathered by Catherine the Great herself, will go on show at the National Gallery of Victoria as part of the blockbuster Melbourne Winter Masterpieces exhibition series. Masterpieces from the Hermitage: The Legacy of Catherine the Great will feature 400+ works, including paintings by Rembrandt, Velasquez, Rubens and Titian. My personal favourites are the stunning decorative art pieces that display the life and loves of the 18th century's second most important Russian ruler. The programme opens on 31st July and will close on 8th Nov 2015.
Catherine the Great,
by Alexander Roslin,
1776-7
Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg
I knew quite a lot about Russian collecting patterns in the 18th cemtury, but Mikhail Dedinkin* from the Dept of Western Art at the Hermitage added far more information. From the beginning of her reign in 1762, Catherine the Great became a very knowledgeable person in the field of fine arts, without visiting Italy, France or Germany. She educated herself slowly, step by step, starting with the first load of paintings that arrived from a Berlin collection: 13 Rembrandt paintings, 11 Rubens, 7 Jacob Jordaens, 5 Anthony van Dycks, 5 Paolo Veroneses, 3 Frans Hals, 2 Raphaels, 2 Holbeins, a Titian, 2 Jan Steen and other Dutch artists. She had enough treasures to open the Hermitage in 1764 in a small way, separate from her own residences.
Some collections came to Russia in toto. In 1779 the Empress acquired 200 paintings that had belonged to the British statesman-collector Robert Walpole. Inspect the very large David Teniers II painting, The Kitchen 1646, which arrived in Russia as part of this Walpole collection. Two years later a set of 120 paintings arrived from the French collector Comte de Baudouin. Melbourne visitors can examine Rembrandt's portrait of the Young Woman With Earrings 1657, acquired by the Hermitage in 1781 from the Comte's treasures.
Young Woman With Earrings
by Rembrandt,
1657,
Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg
There was no systematic approach in the early years, and the first catalogue was not published until 1776. Catherine was guided by her team of advisers, based in either St Petersburg or abroad. Prince Gallitzin, who was the Russian ambassador in France and then in the Netherlands, was the greatest adviser of them all. He knew the most important artists of his time, as well as the critics and dealers, and Catherine absolutely trusted him.
If Catherine put her individual stamp on any particular part of the collection, it was in the library. It became the greatest library in Russia, consisting of 40,000+ volumes, together with the archives of significant writers and philosophers. Her most famous collections were the complete libraries of Voltaire and Diderot. She remained closely connected to Voltaire until his death, and when Diderot had a problem publishing his encyclopaedia in Paris, she purchased his library and appointed him as her official librarian there.
Catherine had quite broad tastes, so along with the very fine oil paintings, there were also sculptures, Chinese treasures, architectural works and decorative arts. Peter the Great and his daughter Empress Elizabeth both loved Chinese art, especially since there were important trading connections between Russia and its neighbour to the east. Catherine, very naturally, continued this interest. Her Chinese collection was not huge, but it was magnificent.
Catherine had quite broad tastes, so along with the very fine oil paintings, there were also sculptures, Chinese treasures, architectural works and decorative arts. Peter the Great and his daughter Empress Elizabeth both loved Chinese art, especially since there were important trading connections between Russia and its neighbour to the east. Catherine, very naturally, continued this interest. Her Chinese collection was not huge, but it was magnificent.
Part of a porcelain table setting of 60+ pieces that Catherine the Great commissioned
from the Sèvres Porcelain Manufactory in Paris
for her lover Prince Grigory Potemkin in 1777
Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg
In conjunction with the art exhibition, the Consort of Melbourne will perform harmonies of European choral music from the C18th. The live performances will include the works of composers Vedel, Berezovsky and Bortniansky. *Readers may want to find Mikhail Dedinkin's article which appeared in Gallery Magazine, published by the National Gallery of Victoria, July-August 2015.