Spain's boom period had been WWI when it had remained neutral. But after the war (in Sept 1923), the military dictatorship of General Miguel Primo de Rivera grabbed power. The agricultural boom soon came to an end because tariff barriers were thrown up against Spanish exports. Of the industrialisation that had taken place, most (70%) of all industry was limited to Catalonia.
The timing could not have been worse. The Wall Street crash came in 1931 and the quickly spread around the world. Yet 1931 was the very year the Spanish Republic was born and King Alfonso XIII went into exile. Spaniards were jubilant. Women were given the vote in 1933, divorce was legalised and the Spanish nobility were stripped of their special powers. The right wing could not have been angrier.
The workers and peasants, having gone through years of poverty, hoped the country would be modernised and their living standards would improve. Sadly the new government watched as unemployment and prices sky rocketed, and employment fell. And if Spaniards had expected the Church to help, they were to be sadly disappointed. The Jesuits alone owned 30% of the country's wealth. What had happened to the dream of peasants and workers building a newer and fairer society? Nothing!
In the 1933 election, the republicans fell and a right-wing coalition came to power. Workers organised as best they could against the government but the Fascists went feral; workers’ risings were crushed. Thousands of workers were executed by the right wing government now in power. Rebellions by independence-seekers in Catalonia were also suppressed. Brutally.
At the next election in February 1936, the Republicans were returned to power. While the Republican government did all it could to get the situation under control, there were still hundreds of strikes. This time, the ruling classes had had enough of parliamentary democracy; they decided to smash the workers' organisations.
When an initial military coup failed to win control of the entire country, a bloody civil war soon commenced, fought with a viciousness that only a civil war can evoke. The Nationalist Rebels, received aid from Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. The Republicans received 40,000 volunteers across Europe in the International Brigades, and equipment from Russia and Mexico. Leadership of the Nationalists was gradually assumed by General Franco; in October 1936 he named himself head of state and set up an alternative government in Burgos. Franco initiated a relentless war of attrition against the Republican government in Madrid.
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Yet even as late as 1940, Franco's prisons still held hundreds of thousands of political prisoners, who were being executed as fast as they could be tried. Not counting soldiers on the Republican side actually killed in the fighting, the probable total of executions carried out by Franco was c2 million.
Literary artists yes, but what about the visual artists? I have already examined the book Art and The Civil War from the Museu Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia Madrid, edited by Juan Jose Lahuerta in 2009. Now something new. Earlier this year Pallant House Gallery in Chichester, West Sussex presented the first major exhibition to examine the response of British visual artists to the Spanish Civil War. The exhibition was called Conscience and Conflict: British Artists and the Spanish Civil War.
The timing could not have been worse. The Wall Street crash came in 1931 and the quickly spread around the world. Yet 1931 was the very year the Spanish Republic was born and King Alfonso XIII went into exile. Spaniards were jubilant. Women were given the vote in 1933, divorce was legalised and the Spanish nobility were stripped of their special powers. The right wing could not have been angrier.
The workers and peasants, having gone through years of poverty, hoped the country would be modernised and their living standards would improve. Sadly the new government watched as unemployment and prices sky rocketed, and employment fell. And if Spaniards had expected the Church to help, they were to be sadly disappointed. The Jesuits alone owned 30% of the country's wealth. What had happened to the dream of peasants and workers building a newer and fairer society? Nothing!
In the 1933 election, the republicans fell and a right-wing coalition came to power. Workers organised as best they could against the government but the Fascists went feral; workers’ risings were crushed. Thousands of workers were executed by the right wing government now in power. Rebellions by independence-seekers in Catalonia were also suppressed. Brutally.
At the next election in February 1936, the Republicans were returned to power. While the Republican government did all it could to get the situation under control, there were still hundreds of strikes. This time, the ruling classes had had enough of parliamentary democracy; they decided to smash the workers' organisations.
When an initial military coup failed to win control of the entire country, a bloody civil war soon commenced, fought with a viciousness that only a civil war can evoke. The Nationalist Rebels, received aid from Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. The Republicans received 40,000 volunteers across Europe in the International Brigades, and equipment from Russia and Mexico. Leadership of the Nationalists was gradually assumed by General Franco; in October 1936 he named himself head of state and set up an alternative government in Burgos. Franco initiated a relentless war of attrition against the Republican government in Madrid.
Felicity Ashbee (1867–1956)
They Face Famine in Spain: Send Medical Supplies, 1937
lithograph published by the National Joint Committee for Spanish Relief
Photo credit: People’s History Museum
The civil war had mobilised many intellectuals to take up arms against the Fascists. The rest of the world knew about the novels Man’s Hope (1938) by André Malraux, Homage to Catalonia (1938) by George Orwell, The Adventures of a Young Man (1939) by John Dos Passos, and For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940) by Ernest Hemingway. Stephen Spender and WH Auden also contributed greatly. Two of my cousins, both novelists who could not shoot a gun if one was handed to them, went to Spain to write about the Republican cause.
Literary artists yes, but what about the visual artists? I have already examined the book Art and The Civil War from the Museu Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia Madrid, edited by Juan Jose Lahuerta in 2009. Now something new. Earlier this year Pallant House Gallery in Chichester, West Sussex presented the first major exhibition to examine the response of British visual artists to the Spanish Civil War. The exhibition was called Conscience and Conflict: British Artists and the Spanish Civil War.
Note that Pablo Picasso’s well known depiction of the aerial devastation of the Basque capital, Guernica (1937), toured Britain in 1938 and 1939, including some time in a car showroom in support of the Manchester Food Ship for Spain. The exhibition also contained Picasso’s Weeping Woman (1937), based upon his lover, Dora Maar, whose cubist face expressed the conflict’s destructive agony. And Joan Miró’s print Help Spain (1937) became a one franc stamp to raise funds for the Republican cause in France.
The work of Frank Brangwyn and his British colleagues are less well known than Picasso and Miro. Walter Nessler expressed fears about war from the air with his 1937 canvas, Premonition. Portraying a gas mask on top of a bombed out London skyline, Nessler had no idea he was anticipating the Blitz just a few years later. Works depicting pro-Republican political protests in Britain included Demonstration in Battersea (1939) by Clive Branson, who had fought in the International Brigades. The painting depicted workers waving flags and banners in support of Spain.
The work of Frank Brangwyn and his British colleagues are less well known than Picasso and Miro. Walter Nessler expressed fears about war from the air with his 1937 canvas, Premonition. Portraying a gas mask on top of a bombed out London skyline, Nessler had no idea he was anticipating the Blitz just a few years later. Works depicting pro-Republican political protests in Britain included Demonstration in Battersea (1939) by Clive Branson, who had fought in the International Brigades. The painting depicted workers waving flags and banners in support of Spain.
Also included was May Day (1938) by the Bloomsbury artist Quentin Bell, son of Vanessa Bell. It was difficult to look at; Quentin Bell’s brother Julian was killed in Spain whilst serving as an ambulance driver. He was not alone. Altogether 500 British and Irish volunteer fights died in the Spanish Civil War.
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Clive Branson (1907–1944)
Demonstration in Battersea, 1939
A committed socialist, Branson actively recruited British volunteers for the International Brigade
In all honesty I must add that a number of British artists were supportive of General Franco, including Francis Rose and William Russell Flint. The exhibition included these men as well.
The exhibition Conscience and Conflict aimed to recreate the political culture of the 1930s, which was moving left in the wake of the Depression, the Labour defeat of 1931, oppression of workers and farm labourers, and the international rise of Fascism. Although the Pallant House Gallery exhibition ended in February 2015, viewers will be encouraged to keep on analysing the connections between history, politics and art.
Demonstration in Battersea, 1939
A committed socialist, Branson actively recruited British volunteers for the International Brigade
This progressive culture was connected internationally to modernism. The surrealist Roland Penrose was a close friend of Picasso, and once he saw Spain early in the war, he returned committed to the Republic. Martin Evans suggested that for Penrose, it was good versus evil; he wanted to use art to 1] counter Francoist propaganda, 2] win support for the 2,500 British men and women who went to fight in Spain and 3] denounce Chamberlain’s policy of appeasement.
In all honesty I must add that a number of British artists were supportive of General Franco, including Francis Rose and William Russell Flint. The exhibition included these men as well.
The exhibition Conscience and Conflict aimed to recreate the political culture of the 1930s, which was moving left in the wake of the Depression, the Labour defeat of 1931, oppression of workers and farm labourers, and the international rise of Fascism. Although the Pallant House Gallery exhibition ended in February 2015, viewers will be encouraged to keep on analysing the connections between history, politics and art.