I have just read the fascinating book The Lawn Road Flats by historian David Burke (Boydell, 2014). The firm Isokon (Isometric Unit Construction Control Co) was established to make modern flats, houses and furniture. Their Lawn Road Flats in Belsize Park in Hampstead was a remarkable building that I knew and loved. It was said to be the first modernist building in Britain to use reinforced concrete in domestic architecture. The four storey building was designed by the Canadian ex-pat architect Wells Coates in 1932, a passionate follower of Le Corbusier and the Bauhaus. 34 two-bedroom flats built out of steel, concrete and glass!
Each flat was small, was built to a standard and minimalist plan, and used Isokon-designed furniture. Since this was an experiment in semi-communal living, most of the flats had only a kitchette. Food was cooked in a large communal kitchen, then conveyed to the residential floors. All the flats were linked to exterior corridors, located on side facing the street, in a style that reminds us of an ocean-going liner.
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Bauhaus Modernism was initially seen as suitable for Bright Young People, a metropolitan élite. So although the flats were uniform in layout, their small size and intimacy promoted a Bohemian atmosphere, something like the Impressionists in their Montparnasse attic rooms. In fact once the complex was completed by 1934, the residents adored living there. And as the complex was designed for not-wealthy young professionals who wanted to dispense with domestic drudgery, rent included cleaning, a laundry service and shoe shining which were provided on site. On the ground floor were located the staff offices, laundry and community kitchen. The kitchen was remodelled in 1937 by Marcel Breuer to become the Isobar restaurant.
With the help of the English architect Maxwell Fry, Walter Gropius 1883–1969 left Nazi Germany in 1934, intending to stay in Britain, at least for some years. In 1935 Gropius got his Bauhaus colleague Lazlo Moholy-Nagy to move to London. Moholy-Nagy became involved with Isokon when he arrived and designed promotional material. In March 1937, Gropius recommended another of his old Bauhaus mates, Marcel Breuer, to Isokon.
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The Lawn Road flats in Hampstead, opened in 1934
Bauhaus Modernism was initially seen as suitable for Bright Young People, a metropolitan élite. So although the flats were uniform in layout, their small size and intimacy promoted a Bohemian atmosphere, something like the Impressionists in their Montparnasse attic rooms. In fact once the complex was completed by 1934, the residents adored living there. And as the complex was designed for not-wealthy young professionals who wanted to dispense with domestic drudgery, rent included cleaning, a laundry service and shoe shining which were provided on site. On the ground floor were located the staff offices, laundry and community kitchen. The kitchen was remodelled in 1937 by Marcel Breuer to become the Isobar restaurant.
With the help of the English architect Maxwell Fry, Walter Gropius 1883–1969 left Nazi Germany in 1934, intending to stay in Britain, at least for some years. In 1935 Gropius got his Bauhaus colleague Lazlo Moholy-Nagy to move to London. Moholy-Nagy became involved with Isokon when he arrived and designed promotional material. In March 1937, Gropius recommended another of his old Bauhaus mates, Marcel Breuer, to Isokon.
One interior, restored to its 1934 design
Isokon closed with the outbreak of war, but many of the Bauhaus architects and designers had left Germany by then. Gropius, Breuer and Moholy-Nagy, who all lived in the Isokon Building, avoided the Holocaust and survived. Other Bauhaus alumni could not escape Germany and were exterminated.
What I did not know was that the Bohemian professionals and bachelors, and escapees from Nazi Germany, were not the only residents of the Isokon Building. David Burke tells of a fashionable elite that was attracted to communal living, including crime novelist Agatha Christie and sculptors Henry Moore and Barbara Hepworth. Since I have written a great deal in lectures about Christie, Moore and Hepworth, I jumped on this book. And there was also an impressive list of BBC producers, novelists and academics.
What I did not know was that the Bohemian professionals and bachelors, and escapees from Nazi Germany, were not the only residents of the Isokon Building. David Burke tells of a fashionable elite that was attracted to communal living, including crime novelist Agatha Christie and sculptors Henry Moore and Barbara Hepworth. Since I have written a great deal in lectures about Christie, Moore and Hepworth, I jumped on this book. And there was also an impressive list of BBC producers, novelists and academics.
Floor plan of the small, but perfectly formed flat.
Naturally Isokon’s most famous resident was going to be Agatha Christie, who lived there with her second husband Max Mallowan throughout WW2 and after. When Max left London to serve in Cairo in 1942, Christie got deeply involved in writing her novels, to survive the loneliness as best she could. It was here that she produced her only spy novel, N or M?(1941), which revealed the author’s deep knowledge about wartime British intelligence.
Given the subtitle of Burke's book, Spies, Writers and Artists, this should not surprise anyone. Burke suggested there were at least 32 agents connected to Soviet espionage and linked with the Lawn Road Flats, including Arnold Deutsch, the controller of the Cambridge Five. I did not even know the name Melita Norwood, British civil servant and KGB intelligence source from 1937 on. Burke said she was the longest-serving Soviet spy in British espionage history.
Despite this generation of residents being traumatised by WW1 and shaped by the Depression, the rise of Nazism and ongoing political upheaval, they were amazingly idealistic people. They valued socialism, communal living, activism and intellectual excellence. Appropriately the block of flats has been granted Grade I listed status, placing it amongst Britain’s most architecturally and historically important buildings. The Bauhaus would have saluted this heritage protection.
Given the subtitle of Burke's book, Spies, Writers and Artists, this should not surprise anyone. Burke suggested there were at least 32 agents connected to Soviet espionage and linked with the Lawn Road Flats, including Arnold Deutsch, the controller of the Cambridge Five. I did not even know the name Melita Norwood, British civil servant and KGB intelligence source from 1937 on. Burke said she was the longest-serving Soviet spy in British espionage history.
Despite this generation of residents being traumatised by WW1 and shaped by the Depression, the rise of Nazism and ongoing political upheaval, they were amazingly idealistic people. They valued socialism, communal living, activism and intellectual excellence. Appropriately the block of flats has been granted Grade I listed status, placing it amongst Britain’s most architecturally and historically important buildings. The Bauhaus would have saluted this heritage protection.