Grigory Rasputin (1869–1916) was an illiterate Siberian peasant who had a religious vision in the early 1890s and from then on, led the life of a mystic and sage. Frances Welch tells a great story in Rasputin: A Short Life (Short Books 2014), a story I would not have believed, had her book been a novel.
The last Romanovs, Nicholas II and Alexandra, were not happy people. The tsar had married the granddaughter of Britain’s Queen Victoria, who never quite adjusted to Russian life or lost her accent (she communicated with Nicholas in English). Their four daughters were healthy, happy teenagers but Nicholas and Alexandra had to sustain vigilant watch over their only son Alexei, the haemophilic heir to the throne. If he fell over or bumped his limbs, Alexei might have quickly died. And the doctors prescribed the anti-coagulant aspirin, the exact opposite of what the young haemophiliac really required. During his many bleeding episodes Alexis would suffer miserably, and his mother could but sit by him wretchedly.
In 1905 Rasputin was recommended to the royal family by their confessor. And it appeared as if Rasputin was only person who could help young Alexei. During bleeding episodes, Rasputin would talk quietly to the boy, calming him and lowering the heir's blood pressure, easing the bleeding. Contemporaries claimed that Rasputin could also hypnotise Alexis with his eyes, further calming the lad.
How strange that a holy man with bad teeth, manky hair, smelly body and debauched sexual habits had this sort of charisma. Welch said he carefully cultivated these disgusting qualities to ingratiate himself with the royal family of Russia. Even more disgustingly, he seduced thousands of young women by day, and became fall-down drunk in the evenings.
For Tsarina Alexandra, Rasputin was a Man of God. He became a frequent visitor to the royal household and the tsarina offered him every gift under the sun, as long as he kept Alexei alive and well.
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Rasputin
Photo credit: Meet the Slavs
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In 1905, after a war with Japan ended in defeat and civil unrest arose in St Petersburg, Nicholas was reluctantly forced to grant a constitution and convene a parliament, the Duma. As soon as the Duma became too bold in its demands, Czar Nicholas dispersed it. Another Duma was called but it too was closed. This unrest had nothing to do with Rasputin, but the timing was important. Rasputin's relationship with the royal family was became public and scandalous knowledge. And no matter how many political or church delegations begged the royal couple to throw Rasputin out of court, Alexandra would not listen to a single word they said.
In fact the very opposite occurred. The worse things got, the more Alexandra came to rely on Rasputin's judgment. In the summer of 1915, with World War One killing millions of young Russian lads, Tsar Nicholas decided to leave the capital and assume command of the Russian army, leaving the government in Alexandra's hands. The German-born Tsarina loved Russia, but didn’t know the first thing about government and was blinded by her belief in Rasputin. For a year toward the end of the Romanov dynasty, and with the Tsarina’s active consent, Rasputin was said to be the de facto power behind the throne. And since the Tsarina herself was German-born, people were even more suspicious of her and of Rasputin’s influence.
Welch noted many assassination attempts on Rasputin… yet as if by magic he did not die. Only in December 1916 did two young pro-monarchy aristocrats, both relatives of the Tsar, succeed in finally killing Rasputin (by poison, gunshots and drowning). Just two months later, crowds took to the streets of St Petersburg; following the February Revolution of 1917, Tsar Nicholas was forced to abdicate. Soon the Bolsheviks took over and nothing could save the oppressive Imperial Family or the corrupt aristocracy.
Welch’s final task was to decide how much Rasputin was to blame for everything that was decadent, corrupt and remote about the royal family and its court. She believed Rasputin's role in the downfall of the tsarist regime was indisputable, especially when it was wrongly rumoured across the nation that the monk was both shaping Russian policy during WW1 and shagging the Empress. Without him, wrote Alexander Kerensky, the leader of the first of the two Russian revolutions of 1917, “there would have been no Lenin”.
But it was The Revolution of 1905 that was the beginning of the end for the Romanovs, before Rasputin came to court. There was a unstoppable wave of mass political and social unrest that spread through the enormous Russian Empire - worker strikes, misery for the peasants, military mutinies, the establishment of the parliament and the Russian Constitution of 1906. Tsar Nicholas might not have understood what was happening, but most other people in Russia did.
A postscript. When the imperial family members were murdered in Yekaterinburg in 1918, the Tsarina and four young Grand Duchesses were found to be wearing amulets containing miniature portraits of “Our Friend”, Rasputin.
The last Romanovs, Nicholas II and Alexandra, were not happy people. The tsar had married the granddaughter of Britain’s Queen Victoria, who never quite adjusted to Russian life or lost her accent (she communicated with Nicholas in English). Their four daughters were healthy, happy teenagers but Nicholas and Alexandra had to sustain vigilant watch over their only son Alexei, the haemophilic heir to the throne. If he fell over or bumped his limbs, Alexei might have quickly died. And the doctors prescribed the anti-coagulant aspirin, the exact opposite of what the young haemophiliac really required. During his many bleeding episodes Alexis would suffer miserably, and his mother could but sit by him wretchedly.
In 1905 Rasputin was recommended to the royal family by their confessor. And it appeared as if Rasputin was only person who could help young Alexei. During bleeding episodes, Rasputin would talk quietly to the boy, calming him and lowering the heir's blood pressure, easing the bleeding. Contemporaries claimed that Rasputin could also hypnotise Alexis with his eyes, further calming the lad.
How strange that a holy man with bad teeth, manky hair, smelly body and debauched sexual habits had this sort of charisma. Welch said he carefully cultivated these disgusting qualities to ingratiate himself with the royal family of Russia. Even more disgustingly, he seduced thousands of young women by day, and became fall-down drunk in the evenings.
For Tsarina Alexandra, Rasputin was a Man of God. He became a frequent visitor to the royal household and the tsarina offered him every gift under the sun, as long as he kept Alexei alive and well.
Photo credit: Meet the Slavs
Tsar Nicholas II and his family
Photo credit: Meet the Slavs
In 1905, after a war with Japan ended in defeat and civil unrest arose in St Petersburg, Nicholas was reluctantly forced to grant a constitution and convene a parliament, the Duma. As soon as the Duma became too bold in its demands, Czar Nicholas dispersed it. Another Duma was called but it too was closed. This unrest had nothing to do with Rasputin, but the timing was important. Rasputin's relationship with the royal family was became public and scandalous knowledge. And no matter how many political or church delegations begged the royal couple to throw Rasputin out of court, Alexandra would not listen to a single word they said.
In fact the very opposite occurred. The worse things got, the more Alexandra came to rely on Rasputin's judgment. In the summer of 1915, with World War One killing millions of young Russian lads, Tsar Nicholas decided to leave the capital and assume command of the Russian army, leaving the government in Alexandra's hands. The German-born Tsarina loved Russia, but didn’t know the first thing about government and was blinded by her belief in Rasputin. For a year toward the end of the Romanov dynasty, and with the Tsarina’s active consent, Rasputin was said to be the de facto power behind the throne. And since the Tsarina herself was German-born, people were even more suspicious of her and of Rasputin’s influence.
Welch noted many assassination attempts on Rasputin… yet as if by magic he did not die. Only in December 1916 did two young pro-monarchy aristocrats, both relatives of the Tsar, succeed in finally killing Rasputin (by poison, gunshots and drowning). Just two months later, crowds took to the streets of St Petersburg; following the February Revolution of 1917, Tsar Nicholas was forced to abdicate. Soon the Bolsheviks took over and nothing could save the oppressive Imperial Family or the corrupt aristocracy.
Welch’s final task was to decide how much Rasputin was to blame for everything that was decadent, corrupt and remote about the royal family and its court. She believed Rasputin's role in the downfall of the tsarist regime was indisputable, especially when it was wrongly rumoured across the nation that the monk was both shaping Russian policy during WW1 and shagging the Empress. Without him, wrote Alexander Kerensky, the leader of the first of the two Russian revolutions of 1917, “there would have been no Lenin”.
But it was The Revolution of 1905 that was the beginning of the end for the Romanovs, before Rasputin came to court. There was a unstoppable wave of mass political and social unrest that spread through the enormous Russian Empire - worker strikes, misery for the peasants, military mutinies, the establishment of the parliament and the Russian Constitution of 1906. Tsar Nicholas might not have understood what was happening, but most other people in Russia did.
A postscript. When the imperial family members were murdered in Yekaterinburg in 1918, the Tsarina and four young Grand Duchesses were found to be wearing amulets containing miniature portraits of “Our Friend”, Rasputin.