Egon Kisch (1885–1948) was a Jewish Czech whose first language was German. Like all the young men of his generation, he had served in the Austro-Hungarian Army during WWI. If he wasn’t a modernist and a radical before the war, his experiences as a soldier certainly radicalised his thinking during and after the war.
Then he became a journalist based in Berlin, a writer of popular travel books and a public speaker on Weimar politics.
Naturally Kisch was a fierce opponent of Adolf Hitler's 3rd Reich, as soon as the Nazis came to power in January 1933. Following the Reichstag fire in February 1933, Kisch and all the anti-Fascists in Berlin were arrested. And naturally his books were promptly banned in Germany, because he was an intellectual, Jewish, pro-worker, anti-Nazi and thought to be a Bolshevik as well.
His plan to travel to Melbourne was an interesting one. 1934 was 100 years after Victoria became a separate Australian colony, so organisers of the 1934 Centenary Celebrations were conflicted. Were citizens of Victoria supposed to be white, British, Christian, anti-migrants and neutral on German fascism? Or were we tolerant, modernist and open as a haven for refugees desperate to start a new, safe life?
The Movement Against War and Fascism wanted to organise a conference in Melbourne, timed to coincide with the more official Royal Tour of the Centenary Celebrations. An International speaker was sought from the World Committee Against War, and Egon Kisch was the obvious choice. He was the author “whose writing satirising the Hitler regime caused him to be sent to prison camps for political prisoners”. He would speak on conditions in Germany during his two-week tour of Victoria in November 1934.
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Egon Kisch addressing 18,000 people at an anti-Nazi rally in Sydney, 1934
Photo credit: State Library of New South Wales
Then he became a journalist based in Berlin, a writer of popular travel books and a public speaker on Weimar politics.
Naturally Kisch was a fierce opponent of Adolf Hitler's 3rd Reich, as soon as the Nazis came to power in January 1933. Following the Reichstag fire in February 1933, Kisch and all the anti-Fascists in Berlin were arrested. And naturally his books were promptly banned in Germany, because he was an intellectual, Jewish, pro-worker, anti-Nazi and thought to be a Bolshevik as well.
His plan to travel to Melbourne was an interesting one. 1934 was 100 years after Victoria became a separate Australian colony, so organisers of the 1934 Centenary Celebrations were conflicted. Were citizens of Victoria supposed to be white, British, Christian, anti-migrants and neutral on German fascism? Or were we tolerant, modernist and open as a haven for refugees desperate to start a new, safe life?
The Movement Against War and Fascism wanted to organise a conference in Melbourne, timed to coincide with the more official Royal Tour of the Centenary Celebrations. An International speaker was sought from the World Committee Against War, and Egon Kisch was the obvious choice. He was the author “whose writing satirising the Hitler regime caused him to be sent to prison camps for political prisoners”. He would speak on conditions in Germany during his two-week tour of Victoria in November 1934.
Photo credit: State Library of New South Wales
Victoria's Police Commissioner almost fainted when he heard about the invitation to Kisch and notified the Federal Government that left-wing Jewish rabble rousers were not welcome here. The federal Minister for the Interior then formally excluded Kisch under the old Immigration Restriction Act. When Kisch’s ship arrived in Fremantle, Federal Government officers told Kisch that he was "undesirable as an inhabitant of, or visitor to, the Commonwealth". Kisch had to stay locked up on board the Strathaird in Fremantle and Adelaide, during the ship’s days in port.
A week later, large groups of democrats, workers and peace supporters were on the docks in Melbourne. This time the big guns were wheeled out and the Attorney-General (later prime minister) Robert Menzies prosecuted the Federal Government's case against Kisch. Once again Kisch was locked aboard the Strathaird during its days in Melbourne’s port. In desperation Kisch jumped over five metres from the ship down onto the pier below, smashing his legs into little pieces. Police offices carried Kisch and his broken limbs onto a stretcher, reboarded the Strathaird and locked him up in the ship once again. Anti-Fascists and democrats in Federal Parliament booed the behaviour of both the Federal Government and the state police.
When the Strathaird travelled on to Sydney, supporters of Kisch took his case before High Court Justice Evatt, who found that the Federal Government had incorrectly excluded Kisch from Australia. Kisch could leave his maritime prison and was free to visit and give speeches.
But the right wingers in Parliament could still undo an order issued by the High Court Justices. The Strathaird arrived in Sydney and the Federal Government now attempted to exclude Kisch using the Immigration Restriction Act via the outrageous "Dictation Test". This was primarily used for barring non-whites from entering Australia under the White Australia Policy, but was also available for other trouble makers. Since Kisch spoke fluent English, German, Czech, Hungarian and French, they had no idea which European language they could give him the dictation test in. So one genius asked Kisch to write the Lord's Prayer in Gaelic. He naturally failed and was gaoled for a while in Sydney.
The Movement Against War and Fascism organised a Kisch reception committee in NSW. This group formed the Writers League, and called on Kisch to address them and the general public. The same people planned and booked concerts featuring music from Europeans and Aboriginal artists, always with opposition to Fascism as their theme.
Egon Kisch's barristers again took his case to the full bench of the High Court, which once again ordered that he could visit and speak publicly in Australia. So the Australian Prime Minister Joseph Lyons demanded a second declaration under the Immigration Restriction Act. In January 1935 a Sydney court found that Kisch was a prohibited immigrant and sentenced him to three months in gaol. Not long after, the High Court intervened and freed him again.
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A week later, large groups of democrats, workers and peace supporters were on the docks in Melbourne. This time the big guns were wheeled out and the Attorney-General (later prime minister) Robert Menzies prosecuted the Federal Government's case against Kisch. Once again Kisch was locked aboard the Strathaird during its days in Melbourne’s port. In desperation Kisch jumped over five metres from the ship down onto the pier below, smashing his legs into little pieces. Police offices carried Kisch and his broken limbs onto a stretcher, reboarded the Strathaird and locked him up in the ship once again. Anti-Fascists and democrats in Federal Parliament booed the behaviour of both the Federal Government and the state police.
When the Strathaird travelled on to Sydney, supporters of Kisch took his case before High Court Justice Evatt, who found that the Federal Government had incorrectly excluded Kisch from Australia. Kisch could leave his maritime prison and was free to visit and give speeches.
But the right wingers in Parliament could still undo an order issued by the High Court Justices. The Strathaird arrived in Sydney and the Federal Government now attempted to exclude Kisch using the Immigration Restriction Act via the outrageous "Dictation Test". This was primarily used for barring non-whites from entering Australia under the White Australia Policy, but was also available for other trouble makers. Since Kisch spoke fluent English, German, Czech, Hungarian and French, they had no idea which European language they could give him the dictation test in. So one genius asked Kisch to write the Lord's Prayer in Gaelic. He naturally failed and was gaoled for a while in Sydney.
The Movement Against War and Fascism organised a Kisch reception committee in NSW. This group formed the Writers League, and called on Kisch to address them and the general public. The same people planned and booked concerts featuring music from Europeans and Aboriginal artists, always with opposition to Fascism as their theme.
Egon Kisch's barristers again took his case to the full bench of the High Court, which once again ordered that he could visit and speak publicly in Australia. So the Australian Prime Minister Joseph Lyons demanded a second declaration under the Immigration Restriction Act. In January 1935 a Sydney court found that Kisch was a prohibited immigrant and sentenced him to three months in gaol. Not long after, the High Court intervened and freed him again.
AF Howell’s book, Kisch's Censored Speech, Sydney, 1934.
Kisch gave an eye witness account of Nazi SS brutality and concentration camps
Photo credit: State Library of New South Wales
Kisch gave an eye witness account of Nazi SS brutality and concentration camps
Photo credit: State Library of New South Wales
Kisch attracted enormous crowds of people at his speeches, wherever he discussed his understanding of, and experience of the Nazi regime. He travelled widely and successfully up and down the three eastern states. The Federal government could do no more to stop his speeches and offered, rather desperately, a string of promises: to remit Kisch's gaol sentence, stop all legal proceedings and pay Kisch a large sum of money IF he left Australian shores in March 1935. Kisch said thank you very much and left.
The disgusting Dictation Test was eventually abolished after WW2 but the truly disgusting White Australia Policy was not abolished until the early 1970s.
Several years later Attorney-General (and later prime minister) Robert Menzies visited Germany in August 1938, as part of the Australian government’s anti-socialism, neutral-on-Fascism policies. Menzies spent several weeks in Nazi Germany and loved everything he saw. On returning to Australia, Menzies clearly and regularly expressed favourable views of Hitler and the Nazi regime. At the same time that the Attorney-General was basking in Nazi hospitality, Kisch was in Spain (1937 and 1938). Democrats and radicals from around the world wanted to save the Republicans against Franco’s Fascists in the Spanish Civil War.
Little Darwin blogs very well about the impact of this rather dismal affair on Australian politics and culture. A number of books, written at the time or written since, are cited eg Julian Smith's 1936 book, On the Pacific Front: the Adventures of Egon Kisch in Australia.
The disgusting Dictation Test was eventually abolished after WW2 but the truly disgusting White Australia Policy was not abolished until the early 1970s.
Several years later Attorney-General (and later prime minister) Robert Menzies visited Germany in August 1938, as part of the Australian government’s anti-socialism, neutral-on-Fascism policies. Menzies spent several weeks in Nazi Germany and loved everything he saw. On returning to Australia, Menzies clearly and regularly expressed favourable views of Hitler and the Nazi regime. At the same time that the Attorney-General was basking in Nazi hospitality, Kisch was in Spain (1937 and 1938). Democrats and radicals from around the world wanted to save the Republicans against Franco’s Fascists in the Spanish Civil War.